1. Syntax: The analysis of sentence structure
Deny A. Kwary
Airlangga University

2. Grammatical or Ungrammatical:
1. The boy found the ball
2. The boy found quickly
3. The boy found in the house
4. The boy found the ball in the house
5. Disa slept the baby
6. Disa slept soundly
Find: Transitive verb (with object)
Sleep: Intransitive verb (no object)

3. Syntactic Categories (1)
Lexical categories
Noun (N)
Verb (V)
Adjective (A)
Preposition (P)
Adverb (Adv)
Examples
moisture, policy
melt, remain
good, intelligent
to, near
slowly, now

4. Syntactic Categories (2)
Non-lexical categories
Determiner (Det)
Degree word (Deg)
Qualifier (Qual)
Auxiliary (Aux)
Conjunction (Con)
Examples
the, this
very, more
always, perhaps
will, can
and, or

5. Indicate the category of each word in the following sentences.
a. The glass suddenly broke.
b. A jogger ran towards the end of the lane.
c. The peaches never appear quite ripe.
d. Gillian will play the trumpet and the drums in the orchestra.
Det / N / Adv / V
Det / N / V / P / Det / N / P / Det / N
Det / N / Qual / V / Deg / A
N / Aux / V / Det / N / Conj / Det / N / P / Det / N

6. Phrases NP : Noun Phrase The car, a clever student VP : Verb Phrase
study hard, play the guitar
PP : Prepositional Phrase
in the class, above the earth
AP : Adjective Phrase
very tall, quite certain

7. Phrase Structure Rules
NP  (Det) N (PP)
PP  P NP
The bus in the yard NP
The bus (NP)
Det N
Det N PP
The
bus P NP
Det N
The
bus in
the
yard

8. Phrase Structure Rules
VP  V (NP) (PP)
S  NP (Aux) VP
took the money from the bank VP
took the money (VP) V NP V NP PP
Det N
Det N P NP
took
the
money
Det N
took
the
money
from
the
bank

9. Draw the tree diagram. 1. repaired the telephone
2. the success of the program
3. a film about pollution
4. move towards the window
5. cast a spell on the broomstick

10. The main structure rules
1. S  NP (Aux) VP
2. NP  (Det) (AP) N (PP)
3. VP  V (NP) (PP) (Adv)
4. PP  P NP
5. AP  A (PP)

11. Example (1) The old tree swayed in the wind S Aux NP VP Det Adj N V PP
past
swayed in
the
wind

12. Example (2) The children put the toy in the box S NP VP Det N V NP PP

13. Draw the structure trees for the following sentences
Question # 5 a - f
page. 240

14. Tree Diagram to be continued next week
Deny A. Kwary
Airlangga University