1. Motivation What energizes human behavior? What channels or directs that behavior? How can certain behaviors be sustained or maintained over time?

2. Managerial Assumptions about Human Nature McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y ??

3. Static-Content Theories of Motivation (past or present time-oriented, not predictive, needs-based) Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Alderfer’s ERG Theory McClelland’s Theory of Socially Acquired Needs (APA) Herzberg’s Motivator-Hygiene Theory (2-Factor) Managerial Application: Job Enrichment and the Job Characteristics Model

4. Skill variety Task identity Task significance Autonomy Feedback

5. Process Theories of Motivation (factors that energize, channel or direct behavior) (predictive) Expectancy Theory (instrumentality, valence & expectancy) Path-Goal Theory of Motivation Goal-Setting Theory Managerial Application: Management by Objectives

6. Environmentally-Based Theories of Motivation Operant Conditioning and Reinforcement Theory Managerial Application: Organizational Behavior Modification Social Comparison Theory –Equity Theory –Social Learning Theory

7. Intrinsic and Extrinsic Rewards and Motivation Intrinsic Rewards Extrinsic Rewards Managerial Application: Gainsharing

8. Motivation and the Psychological Contract Organizational Commitment and the Psychological Contract

9. Choosing an Appropriate Motivational Model Initial diagnosis Strategy selection Make the choice Five basic sources of motivation: –Mission –Agenda Control –Share in Value Creation –Learning –Reputation