1. HI 112 Raffael Scheck Colby College A Survey of Modern Europe 6

2. Europe Between the Wars

3. The Paris Peace Conferences n Comparison 1815 to 1919 n Goals of the victors: – Democracy – National self-determination – Security for France (cordon sanitaire) – Weakening Germany (Treaty of Versailles, 1919) – League of Nations as a peaceful mediating institution

4. Why did the Peace Order Not Work? n Germany unreconciled n Nationality problems in Eastern Central Europe n Withdrawal of U.S. n Unsettled situation in the Soviet Union

5. Germany and the Treaty of Versailles

7. Phases of the Postwar Period

8. Revolutions and Unrest: Hungary under Béla Kun (1918-19)

9. A Personal Connection for Reconciliation: Briand and Stresemann

10. Treaty of Locarno, 1925

11. Great Depression and Mass Unemployment, 1929-33

12. The Rise of Totalitarianism

13. What is Totalitarianism? Party - strong influence on state State - reaches into every area of life Army - high prestige Ideology - shapes state and society Propaganda - used unscrupulously Police Repression - largely outside of the law Leadership Cult - adulation of charismatic leader through state-controlled media Internal and external target groups of aggression

14. Fascism’s Three Sources (according to Scheck) n Crisis of Christian and humanitarian values and of liberal-democratic states based on these values n Deep-seated fear of communism and socialism n World War I experience: brutalization of politics; veneration of military order; stress on struggle; extreme nationalism

15. Italian Fascism n Mussolini n Fascist Party, black shirt paramilitary organization n March on Rome, October 1922 n Gradual consolidation of power by 1926 n Corporatism n Lateran Accord, 1929

16. The Triumph of Hitler and National Socialism n Anti-Semitic rabble- rousing, 1919-1923 n Beer Hall Putsch 1923 n Organizing a mass party, 1925-28 n Sudden mass success because of the Great Depression, 1930-33

19. The Rise of the KPD and NSDAP (in percent of the electorate)

20. Stalinism n Massive industrialization at gigantic human cost (five-year plans), 1929-1941 n Extremely repressive police state n The Great Purges, 1935-39 n The Gulag n Foreign policy: out of isolation into an alliance first with the West (1935) and then Nazi Germany (1939)

21. The Road to World War II

22. Hitler’s Successes n Makes Germany strong and respected again n Rearms Germany n Wins an alliance with Italy (1936) n Revises the Versailles peace order by annexing Austria and the Sudetenland n He achieves all of this WITHOUT war

23. Mussolini’s Foreign Policy n Initially: opposition to Nazi designs on Austria (1934) and efforts to contain Nazi Germany (Stresa Front, 1935) n Attack on Abyssinia (1935-36) n Alliance with Germany (1936) and Japan (1939) n Involvement in Spanish Civil War (1936- 39)

24. German Foreign Policy 1933-38: Main Events

25. What Made Hitler’s Foreign Policy Successes Possible? n General misunderstanding of Hitler’s ultimate aims (Lebensraum, racial policy) n Doubts about Versailles n Disillusionment with postwar order n “No more war” sentiment n Global diversions for Britain (Japan, Italy, U.S. competition)

26. Concentration Camp Flossenb ü rg

27. Axis Berlin-Rome

28. Italian Atrocities in Ethiopia

29. Spanish Civil War

30. Anschluß

31. Maginot Line

32. Munich Conference

33. Unemployment in Germany 1932-39

34. German Military Spending 1932-39

35. World War II

36. Cause n Hitler wants war – Obsession with his own mortality – Exploitation of temporary advantage in terms of rearmament

37. The Outbreak n Hitler-Stalin Pact (August 1939) dooms Poland and misleads Hitler to believe that France and Britain will not go to war n France and Britain do declare war but do not attack (Phony War) n Soviet Union takes its “share” of Poland

38. The Defeat of the Allies in the West, 1940 n Reasons: German tactics and slowness of Franco-British response n Consequence: Germany in control of most of Continental Europe and able to attack the Soviet Union

39. Britain Stays in the War n Decision to keep fighting n Inconclusive air battle over Britain, 1940-41

40. The Attack on the Soviet Union n Hitler’s priority n War of annihilation n Tied to the Holocaust n Too risky gamble

41. The Long Road to Axis Defeat n Soviet resilience n U.S. entry into the war after Pearl Harbor n Axis defeats in Russia, North Africa, the Atlantic n D-Day and final defeat of Germany

42. Consequences n Europe looses its predominant position n Utter destruction in many areas n 50-65 million killed n Soviet Union dominates Eastern Europe

43. The Holocaust

44. Ideological Background and Context n The Nazi vision of races n Racial hygiene

45. Stages of Radicalization n Segregation (1933-38) – Nürnberg laws 1935 n Expulsion (1938-41) – Crystal Night 1938 – Madagascar Plan 1940-41 n Mass murder (1941-45) – Ghettos, gas vans, mass executions, death camps, death marches

46. I: Segregation

47. The Nürnberg Laws, 1935

48. “Jews Unwanted”

49. II: Expulsion

50. Crystal Night, Nov. 1938

51. III: Mass Murder

52. The Wannsee Conference, 1942

53. Euthanasia

54. Ghettoization of Jews in Poland

55. The Ramp at Auschwitz (1942- 45)

56. Open Discussion n Who was responsible? n How many people knew?