1. Structural hierarchy in proteins

2. The reaction of dansyl chloride in end group analysis

3. The hypothetical rate of the carboxypeptidase-catalyzed release of amino acids: all bonds cleaved at the same rate

4. The hypothetical rate of the carboxypeptidase-catalyzed release of amino acids: Ser slow, Tyr fast, and Leu intermediate

5. Specificities of various exopeptidases

6. Specificities of various endopeptidases

7. Edman degradation

8. The amino acid sequence of a polypeptide chain

9. Primary structure of bovine insulin

10. Flow diagram for polypeptide synthesis by the solid phase method

11. Amino acids with benzyl-protected side chains and Boc-protected  -amino groups

12. Connecting two peptides: native chemical ligation

13. END

14. Amino Acid Sequences of Cytochromes c from 38 species

15. Amino Acid Sequences of Cytochromes c from 38 Species

16. Amino Acid Difference Matrix for 26 Species of Cytochrome c a

17. The PAM-250 Log Odds Substitution Matrix

18. Flow diagram of the chain-terminator (dideoxy) method of DNA sequencing

19. Autoradiograph of a sequencing gel

20. A portion of the output of a four reaction/one gel sequencing system

21. Genome sequencing strategies

22. Scanning electron microscope of human erythrocytes. (a) Normal human erythrocytes revealing their biconcave disklike shape

23. Scanning electron microscope of human erythrocytes. (b) Sickled erythrocytes from an individual with sickle-cell anemia

24. A map indicating the regions of the world where malaria caused by P. falciparum was prevalent before 1930

25. Phylogenic tree of cytochrome c

26. Rates of evolution of four unrelated proteins

27. A phylogenetic tree for cytochrome c

28. Phylogenetic tree of the globin family

29. Rate of sequence change in evolving proteins. (a) Protein evolving at random and that initially consists of 5% each of the 20 “standard” amino acid residues

30. Rate of sequence change in evolving proteins. (b) A protein of average amino acid composition evolving as is observed in nature

31. Sequence alignment with dot matrices

32. The optical alignments of human myoglobin (Mb, 153 residues) and the human hemoglobin  chain (Hb , 141 residues)

33. A guide to the significance of normalized alignment scores (NAS) in the comparison of peptide sequences

34. Use of the Needleman-Wunsch alignment algorithm [alignment of 10-residue peptide (horizontal) with 11-residue peptide (vertical)]. (a) Comparison matrix

35. Use of the Needleman-Wunsch alignment algorithm [alignment of 10-residue peptide (horizontal) with 11-residue peptide (vertical)]. (b) Transforming the matrix

36. Use of the Needleman-Wunsch alignment algorithm [alignment of 10-residue peptide (horizontal) with 11-residue peptide (vertical)]. (c) Transformed matrix

37. Phylogenetic trees

38. An unrooted phylogenetic tree of the five HIPIP sequences that are aligned in Fig. 7-30c

39. Manipulations employed in the neighbor-joining method for the construction of a phylogenetic tree

40. A DNA chip

41. The photolithographic synthesis of a DNA chip

42. Variation in the expression of genes that encode proteins known as cyclins (Section 34-4C) in human tissues

44. Some Sequenced Genomes

46. Amino acid analysis via HPLC

47. The generation of the gas phase ions required for the mass spectrometric analysis of proteins: electrospray ionization (ESI)

48. The generation of the gas phase ions required for the mass spectrometric analysis of proteins: matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI)

49. The generation of the gas phase ions required for the mass spectrometric analysis of proteins: fast atom bombardment (FAB)

50. The ESI-MS spectrum of the 17 kD horse heart protein apomyoglobin

51. The use of a tandem mass spectrometer (MS/MS) in amino acid sequencing

52. Peptide mapping

53. The tandem mass spectrum of the doubly charged ion of the 14- residue human [Glu 1 ]fibrinopeptide B (m/z = 786)

54. Peptide mapping

55. Sequence determination of an oligonucleotide by partial digestion with snake venom phosphodiesterase

56. Use of the Needleman-Wunsch alignment algorithm [alignment of 10-residue peptide (horizontal) with 11-residue peptide (vertical)]. (d) Alignment

57. Examples of peptide sequence alignments

58. Reaction cycle in the phosphoramidite method of oligonucleotide synthesis

59. World Wide Web Addresses for the Major Protein and DNA Sequence Data Banks