1. IIP Utilization of renewable raw materials in Germany
Martina Haase, Rebecca Ilsen, Magnus Fröhling
Institute for Industrial Production, Universität Karlsruhe (TH), Germany
IIP
Institute for Industrial Production (IIP)
ord. Prof. Dr. rer. nat. O. Rentz

2. Outline Overview of the use of renewable resources in Germany
Energetic use
Non-energetic use
Motivation and general framework for the increasing use of biomass
Usage competition
Legal framework
Techno-economic and ecological evaluation of biomass utilization pathways
Conclusion

3. Situation of the German renewable energy sector
volume of international renewable energy markets highly increasing
German renewable energy industry has a good market position and is seen as technology leader in many areas.
Strengths: technological innovation, product quality, system-know-how, references from home market, experiences in application.
Source: UBA, BMU 2007
World market
Billion €
Hydropower (large)
Wind energy
Photovoltaics
Solar thermal energy
Geothermal energy
Biomass
Hydropower (small)

4. Energetic use of renewable resources (1)

5. Energetic use of renewable resources (2)

6. Energetic use of renewable resources (3)
Structure for the provision of final energy from renewable resources in Germany (basic year 2007):
nearly 70% of renewable energy is delivered from biomass utilization
Biomass is mainly used for heat and fuel generation
for electricity production wind energy and hydropower are the most important renewable resources
Source: BMU 2008
7,6% of the fuel consumption is provided by biofuels in 2007
therein more than 70% is biodiesel
biodiesel is produced mainly from rape
available at 1900 fuel stations
biofuels of 2nd generation not yet available
Structure of biogenic fuel in Germany, 2007
Source: BMU 2008

7. Energetic use of renewable resources in Germany - heat
Approximately 1370 TWh heat are annually generated in Germany (basic year 2007)
Ca. 7% of the entire heat generation are provided by renewable resources (basic year 2007)
Structure of the heat generation from renewable
resources
in Germany
2007
Source: BMU 2008

8. Non-energetic use of renewable raw materials - wood
The usage of inland wood accounts for ca. 106 mill. m3 (ca. 42 – 80 Mt) (base year 2005)1
Additionally ca. 78 mill. m3 of semi-finished wood are imported (base year 2005)
The non-energetic use of wood accounts for approx. 146 mill. m3 wood (base year 2005)
Sawmill and veneer industry: 37,2 mill. m3
Derived timber product industry: 20,5 mill. m3
Pulp and paper industry : 9,8 mill. m3
Semi-finished wood (imports): 78 mill. m3
On the other hand ca. 40 mill. m3 wood are used for electricity and heat generation.2
Usage competition between energetic and non-energetic use:
1 1 m3 wood = 0,4 – 0,77 t wooddry
2 including forest wood, pulpwood and old forest
Source: FNR 2007

9. Non-energetic use of renewable raw materials
Ca. 2.7 mill. t of renewable raw materials are used in the industry per year
Thereof ca. 2 mill. t are used in the chemical industry and ca. 0,7 mill. t in the pulp and paper industry (base year 2007)
Raw material
Amount [t]
Vegetable oils
Starch
Animal fats
Cellulose
Sugar
Natural fibres
Others
TOTAL
Raw material proportions of the chemical industry in Germany (basic year 2007)
Renewable raw materials in the chemical-technical area
Sources: FNR 2007, VCI 2008

10. Biomass utilization pathways in Germany
Process steps
Products
Application
corn, liquid manure, sewage sludge,
Biowaste
Anaerobe fermentation
Biogas Methane
heat and electricity:
950 MW in 3300 installations
Oil plants
(rape, sunflower)
Oil mill,
Refining,
Transesterification
FAME
(biodiesel)
fuel:
cars for B100 available,
good infrastructure
fuel:
Flexible-Fuel-Vehicles for E85 available
Infrastructure: 75 petrol stations for E85
Cereal, Sugar beet
Enzymatic hydrolysis, Fermentation, Distillation
ethanol
fuel:
2 pilot installations
Choren, Freiberg
FZK, Karlsruhe
Gasification,
Synthesis
Btl-fuel
SynFuel
Straw, wood
platform chemicals (e.g. ethanol, lactic acid)
Disintegration, Enzymatic hydrolysis, Fermentation
Wood
Research projects

11. Biomass Usage competition
Land use
Energetic vs. non-energetic use
Increase of the cultivated area for renewable raw materials in Germany:
from ca ha in the year 1993
to ca. 2 mill. ha in the year 2007 (approximately 17% of the agricultural crop land in 2007)
In ,5 m ha might be available for biomass production because of
increase in production efficiency
decrease in population in Germany
reduction of European food overproduction
if 3,5 m ha were used to produce BtL-fuel, 25% of German fuel consumption could be substituted.
1993: 85% of this area served for the material utilization
2007: only about 13%.
In particular increase of the cultivated area for rape for the production of biofuels (ca. 1,1 mill. ha in the year 2007)
Especially vegetable oils and starch (from rape and cereals) do also represent important industrial raw materials
Source: FNR 2007, BMU

12. General Framework for an increasing use of biomass
Motivation
Replacement of limited fossil raw materials
Reduction of dependence of crude oil imports
Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions
Biomass represents a renewable but limited resource
Competition for land use and between different utilisation pathways requires an efficient and sustainable use of biomass
Constraints

13. Legal framework for the use of biomass
Guideline 2003/30/EG: Increase of biofuels on the fuel market to 5,75 % until the end of 2010 and to 10 % until the end of 2020
and others D:
BioKraftQuG: a given part of fuel sold has to be biofuel
EnergieStG: no or less tax on biofuels compared to fossil fuels
EEG: fixed purchasing prices for electricity from renewable sources
Financial investment programs
BioNachV: Regulation of sustainability of biomass for the certification of biofuels (concept October 2007)
Sustainable cultivation of agricultural areas
Protection of natural habitats
Potential for the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions.

14. Techno-economic and ecological evaluation (1)
Estimation of the economic efficiency and the environmental effects of process chains for the use of biomass
Identification of economic and ecological key factors to ensure sustainability
Process determination
Modelling of material and energy flows along the whole value chain
Identification of key factors
Estimation of investments and total costs
Estimation of environmental impacts
Location and logistics planning
Sensitivity analysis

15. Techno-economic and ecological evaluation (2)
Economic evaluation
Environmental impacts
Estimation of the necessary investments:
Individual identification of investments for the main plant components
Application of economies of scale
Determination of annual overall costs of the process chain:
Investment dependent costs (depreciations, interests,...)
Operating costs (costs for raw materials, electricity, etc.)
Labour costs
Costs for transportation
Revenues for by-products
Methodology for life cycle assessment (LCA) according to the European standard DIN EN ISO and 14044
Goal and scope definition for life cycle inventory analysis
Selection of adequate impact categories, e.g.
Climate change
Eutrophication
Acidification
Identification of relevant material and energy flows and conversion to indicator values, e.g. CO2 equivalents)
Cultivation of biomass
Production process
Use of product
Transport
Emissions (CO2, NOx, NH3,...)
Energy
Operating materials

16. Summary and conclusion
Biomass is used energetically as well as non-energetically in Germany
The increasing use of biomass is supposed to reduce the dependence on crude oil
imports and to assure the raw materials supply
New utilization concepts amplify existing biomass usage competitions
The techno-economic and ecological evaluation at an early stage of process development aims at the identification of sustainable ways of biomass utilization
Identification of reasonable biomass utilization paths in respect of local conditions (available technologies and feedstock potentials)

17. Thank you for your attention.
IIP
Institute for Industrial Production (IIP)
ord. Prof. Dr. rer. nat. O. Rentz
Hertzstr Karlsruhe Germany
Dr. rer. pol. Magnus Fröhling +49 (0)
Dipl.-Umweltwiss. Martina Haase
+49 (0)
Dipl.-Wi.Ing. Rebecca Ilsen +49 (0)