3. Labor Force Distribution 1870-1900

4. The Changing American Labor Force

5. Child Labor

7. “Galley Labor”

8. Conditions Long hoursLong hours Less than $1.00 per weekLess than $1.00 per week Difficult, dangerous and unhealthy workDifficult, dangerous and unhealthy work –Heavy machinery –Could lose finger, arm or be scalped by machinery –Dusty, cold/hot respiratory conditions Corporal punishmentCorporal punishment

9. Child Labor today?

10. Labor Video Video start at 7:21Video start at 7:21

11. Political and Social Opposition Workers who wanted to organize a union faced several major problems.Workers who wanted to organize a union faced several major problems. There were no laws giving workers the right to organize or requiring owners to negotiate.There were no laws giving workers the right to organize or requiring owners to negotiate. Courts often ruled that strikes were conspiracies to stop trade and organizers could be fined or jailed.Courts often ruled that strikes were conspiracies to stop trade and organizers could be fined or jailed.

12. Marxism Unions also suffered from the perception that they threatened American institutions.Unions also suffered from the perception that they threatened American institutions. In the late 1800’s the ideas Karl Marx, called Marxism, had become very influential in Europe.In the late 1800’s the ideas Karl Marx, called Marxism, had become very influential in Europe.

13. Marxism Marx primary argument was that the basic force shaping capitalist society was the class struggle between workers and owners.Marx primary argument was that the basic force shaping capitalist society was the class struggle between workers and owners. He believed that workers would eventually revolt, seize control of the factories, and overthrow the government.He believed that workers would eventually revolt, seize control of the factories, and overthrow the government. Marx claimed that after the revolution, the government would seize all private property and create a socialist society where wealth was evenly divided.Marx claimed that after the revolution, the government would seize all private property and create a socialist society where wealth was evenly divided. Marx believed eventually the government would fade away leaving a Communist society where classes did not exist.Marx believed eventually the government would fade away leaving a Communist society where classes did not exist.

14. Marxist and Anarchist Many labor supporters agreed with Marx, however others supported Anarchism.Many labor supporters agreed with Marx, however others supported Anarchism. Anarchists believe society does not need government. Some at the time believed that a few acts of violence could ignite a revolution to topple the government.Anarchists believe society does not need government. Some at the time believed that a few acts of violence could ignite a revolution to topple the government. In the late 1800’s, anarchists assassinated government officials and set off bombs all across Europe hoping to trigger a revolution.In the late 1800’s, anarchists assassinated government officials and set off bombs all across Europe hoping to trigger a revolution. The tens of thousands of European immigrants brought these ideas with them to the United States.The tens of thousands of European immigrants brought these ideas with them to the United States.

15. Nativism or anti-immigrant feelings-was already strong in the United States.Nativism or anti-immigrant feelings-was already strong in the United States. People began to associate immigrant workers with revolution and anarchism, they became increasingly suspicious of unions.People began to associate immigrant workers with revolution and anarchism, they became increasingly suspicious of unions. These fears and the governments duty to maintain law and order led officials use courts, police and the army to break up strikes and unions.These fears and the governments duty to maintain law and order led officials use courts, police and the army to break up strikes and unions.

16. Labor Unrest: 1870-1900

17. The Molly Maguires (1875) James McParland

18. The Corporate “Bully-Boys”: Pinkerton Agents

19. Management vs. Labor “Tools” of Management “Tools” of Labor  “scabs”  P. R. campaign  Pinkertons  lockout  blacklisting  yellow-dog contracts  court injunctions  open shop  boycotts  sympathy demonstrations  informational picketing  closed shops  organized strikes  “wildcat” strikes

20. A Striker Confronts a SCAB!

21. Knights of Labor Terence V. Powderly An injury to one is the concern of all!

22. Knights of Labor Knights of Labor trade card

23. Goals of the Knights of Labor ù Eight-hour workday. ù Workers’ cooperatives. ù Worker-owned factories. ù Abolition of child and prison labor. ù Increased circulation of greenbacks. ù Equal pay for men and women. ù Safety codes in the workplace. ù Prohibition of contract foreign labor. ù Abolition of the National Bank.

24. Graphic Organizer on major labor strikesGraphic Organizer on major labor strikes

25. The Great Railroad Strike of 1877

27. The Tournament of Today: A Set-to Between Labor and Monopoly

28. Anarchists Meet on the Lake Front in 1886

29. Haymarket Riot (1886) McCormick Harvesting Machine Co.

30. Haymarket Martyrs

31. Governor John Peter Altgeld

32. The American Federation of Labor: 1886 Samuel Gompers

33. How the AF of L Would Help the Workers ù Catered to the skilled worker. ù Represented workers in matters of national legislation. ù Maintained a national strike fund. ù Evangelized the cause of unionism. ù Prevented disputes among the many craft unions. ù Mediated disputes between management and labor. ù Pushed for closed shops.

34. Homestead Steel Strike (1892) The Amalgamated Association of Iron & Steel Workers Homestead Steel Works

35. Big Corporate Profits!

36. Attempted Assassination! Henry Clay Frick Alexander Berkman

37. A “Company Town”: Pullman, IL A “Company Town”: Pullman, IL

38. Pullman Cars A Pullman porter

39. The Pullman Strike of 1894

40. President Grover Cleveland If it takes the entire army and navy to deliver a postal card in Chicago, that card will be delivered!

41. The Pullman Strike of 1894 Government by injunction!

42. The Socialists Eugene V. Debs

43. International Workers of the World (“Wobblies”)

44. “Big Bill” Haywood of the IWW  Violence was justified to overthrow capitalism.

45. I W W & the Internationale

46. The Hand That Will Rule the World  One Big Union

47. Mother Jones: “The Miner’s Angel”  Mary Harris.  Organizer for the United Mine Workers.  Founded the Social Democratic Party in 1898.  One of the founding members of the I. W. W. in 1905.

48. Lawrence, MA Strike: 1912

49. The “Bread & Roses” Strike DEMANDS: ù15¢/hr. wage increase. ùDouble pay for overtime. ùNo discrimination against strikers. ùAn end to “speed-up” on the assembly line. ùAn end to discrimination against foreign immigrant workers.

50. Lawrence, MA Strike: 1912

51. The “Formula” unions + violence + strikes + socialists + immigrants = anarchists

52. Labor Union Membership

53. “Solidarity Forever!” by Ralph Chapin (1915) When the union's inspiration through the workers‘ blood shall run, There can be no power greater anywhere beneath the sun; Yet what force on earth is weaker than the feeble strength of one, But the union makes us strong! CHORUS: Solidarity forever, Solidarity forever, Solidarity forever, For the union makes us strong!

54. Come On and Sing Along!!

55. “Solidarity Forever!” Is there aught we hold in common with the greedy parasite, Who would lash us into serfdom and would crush us with his might? Is there anything left to us but to organize and fight? For the union makes us strong! CHORUS: Solidarity forever, Solidarity forever, Solidarity forever, For the union makes us strong!

56. “Solidarity Forever!” Through our sisters and our brothers we can make our union strong, For respect and equal value, we have done without too long. We no longer have to tolerate injustices and wrongs, Yes, the union makes us strong! * * * * Through our sisters and our brothers we can make our union strong, For respect and equal value, we have done without too long. We no longer have to tolerate injustices and wrongs, Yes, the union makes us strong! CHORUS: Solidarity forever, Solidarity forever, Solidarity forever, For the union makes us strong!

57. Workers Benefits Today

58. The Rise & Decline of Organized Labor

59. Right-to-Work States Today

60. Unionism & Globalization?