1. CS 603 Dining Philosopher’s Problem February 15, 2002

2. Project 2 Starts Today The winner: –NTP Client Basic: Program that accepts NTP server as argument, gets and returns time from that server –Three points for well document and tested solution Extras (worth one additional point): –Fault Tolerant averaging solution: Accepts up to four servers and gives average after throwing away “bad” servers –Class library: Initialize sets offset from local clock, “get time” returns local + offset without sending message

3. Dining Philosopher’s Problem (Dijkstra ’71)

4. Dining Philosophers: Solutions Simple: “waiting” state –Enter waiting state when neighbors eating –When neighbors done, get forks –Neighbors can’t enter waiting state if neighbor waiting Problem: –Doesn’t prevent starvation –Requires checking both neighbors at once Race condition

5. Fully Distributed Solution (Lehman and Rabin ’81) Problem with previous solutions –Not truly distributed: Requires some sort of central coordination or global state –Non-Symmetric: Different philosophers run different algorithms Additional properties: –Deadlock free: Eventually someone new gets to eat –Lockout free: Eventually every hungry philosopher gets to eat –Adversary: One philosopher may try to starve another Can’t just hold the fork indefinitely –Communication only between adjacent philosophers No global state Can’t communicate with both at same time

6. No Deterministic Solution Proof: Assume solution for philosophers 1..n –P–Philosophers don’t know their number! Philosophers “activated” in order from 1..n –E–Each takes one step Claim: If symmetric at beginning of round, will be symmetric at end of round –I–If anyone eating, all would be!

7. Probabilistic Solution Assume Random “coin toss” –Guaranteed with probability 1 to break symmetry Idea: Try to get one first –Then get other –If can’t get other, put first down and try again But don’t go for the same fork first every time Think trying = true or die While trying s = random(left,right) Wait for fork s then take it If fork ~s available take it else drop fork s Eat drop s=random(left,right) drop fork ~s

8. Lemmas: Assume Plato sitting to left of Aristotle 1.If Plato picks up fork infinite number of times, Aristotle finite number, then –P(Plato eats infinite number of times)=1 2.If deadlocked, every philosopher picks up fork infinite number of times with probability 1 3.If after t steps, both trying to eat, tried to get same fork. Then with probability  ½, –One picks up fork only finite number of times in future, or –One gets to eat in next two draws 4.If at time t the last set of random draws is A, then with probability 1 there is a later configuration B ≠ A where two neighbors try to get the same fork first

9. Theorem: P(Deadlock) = 0 Assume P(Deadlock) > 0 –By Lemma 2, if deadlocked everyone performs infinite draws –By Lemma 4, with probability 1 there will be infinite sequence of configuration of last draws A 0, A 1, … satisfying condition of Lemma 3 –By Lemma 3,  n some philosopher eats between A n and A n+2 with probability 1 Therefore if deadlocked, non-deadlocked condition will occur with probability 1

10. Problem: Not Lockout-free Courteous Philosophers Possible for all but one to starve Solution: If eating and neighbor trying to eat, once done wait until neighbor has eaten before trying again Requires more shared variables –“signal” to neighbor: On/Off –Share “last” with neighbor: Left, Neutral, Right Initialized to Neutral Only need mutual exclusion with one neighbor at a time Think trying = true; left_signal = right_signal = on s = random(left,right) Wait until s down and (s-neighbor-signal = off or s-last = neutral or s-last = s) then lift fork s If ~s down then lift ~s; trying = false else drop s Eat left-signal = right-signal = off left-last = right; right-last = left Drop forks

11. Lesson: Non-Determinism Gives Additional Power In fully distributed system, random variable solves problems that can’t otherwise be solved Used in practice –Ethernet: Random backoff if collision Makes proving correctness harder Consider such solutions when building distributed systems!