1. McGraw-Hill /Irwin Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter Fourteen Other Lending Institutions

2. Chapter Outline 1.Other categories 2.Savings institutions: Savings Associations and Savings Banks 3.Credit union 4.C&L crisis 5.Finance Company 1.Other categories 2.Savings institutions: Savings Associations and Savings Banks 3.Credit union 4.C&L crisis 5.Finance Company

3. McGraw-Hill /Irwin Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 1. Overview: Other Lending Institutions Savings Associations (1,074 in 2004) –concentrated primarily on residential mortgages Savings Banks (339 in 2004) –large concentration of residential mortgages –commercial loans –corporate bonds –corporate stock Credit Unions (9,210 in 2004) –consumer loans funded with member deposits Finance Companies –Make loans to individuals and businesses Savings Associations (1,074 in 2004) –concentrated primarily on residential mortgages Savings Banks (339 in 2004) –large concentration of residential mortgages –commercial loans –corporate bonds –corporate stock Credit Unions (9,210 in 2004) –consumer loans funded with member deposits Finance Companies –Make loans to individuals and businesses

4. McGraw-Hill /Irwin Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Composition of the Industry Saving associations (1, 074*) (SAIF**) Individuals (TA = $1,123,981m) Saving Institutions Savings Banks Individuals (339*) (BIF**) (TA = $508,614m) Corporations Credit Unions (9,210*) (NCUSIF**) Individuals (TA = $648,700m) Saving associations (1, 074*) (SAIF**) Individuals (TA = $1,123,981m) Saving Institutions Savings Banks Individuals (339*) (BIF**) (TA = $508,614m) Corporations Credit Unions (9,210*) (NCUSIF**) Individuals (TA = $648,700m) Consumer loans Deposits Residential mortgages Commercial loans * - Number of institutions in 2004 ** - Insurer SAIF – the Savings Association Insurance Fund BIF – the Bank Insurance Fund NCUSIF – the National Credit Union Share Insurance Fund

5. 2. Savings Associations Historically referred to as savings and loan (S&L) associations Assets concentrated in real estate loans Liabilities concentrated in retail CDs Can be either mutually owned or shareholder owned Deposits insured by FDIC – SAIF Regulators: Office of Thrift Supervision (OTS) Historically referred to as savings and loan (S&L) associations Assets concentrated in real estate loans Liabilities concentrated in retail CDs Can be either mutually owned or shareholder owned Deposits insured by FDIC – SAIF Regulators: Office of Thrift Supervision (OTS)

6. Savings Banks Established as mutual organizations and largely confined to the East Coast and New England states Deposits are insured by the FDIC under the Bank Insurance Fund (BIF) Historically allowed greater freedom to diversify into corporate bonds and stocks Rely more on deposits than savings associations and have fewer borrowed funds Established as mutual organizations and largely confined to the East Coast and New England states Deposits are insured by the FDIC under the Bank Insurance Fund (BIF) Historically allowed greater freedom to diversify into corporate bonds and stocks Rely more on deposits than savings associations and have fewer borrowed funds

7. McGraw-Hill /Irwin Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Real Estate Assets of Savings Associations and Savings Banks (2004)

8. Regulators of Savings Institutions The Office of Thrift Supervision - established in 1989 under the FIRREA, charters and examines all federal savings institutions and supervises the holding companies of savings institutions The FDIC - oversees, manages SAIF and BIF SAIF - provides insurance coverage for savings associations BIF - provides insurance coverage for savings banks Other regulators - state-chartered savings institutions are regulated by state agencies The Office of Thrift Supervision - established in 1989 under the FIRREA, charters and examines all federal savings institutions and supervises the holding companies of savings institutions The FDIC - oversees, manages SAIF and BIF SAIF - provides insurance coverage for savings associations BIF - provides insurance coverage for savings banks Other regulators - state-chartered savings institutions are regulated by state agencies

9. McGraw-Hill /Irwin Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3. Credit Unions Are not-for-profit depository institutions mutually organized and owned by their members (depositors) Funding almost totally from member deposits Tend to hold higher levels of equity than other depository institutions Can be federally chartered and regulated by NCUA or state chartered and regulated by the state Deposits insured by the NCUSIF Exempt from corporate taxes Growth is not the primary goal Are not-for-profit depository institutions mutually organized and owned by their members (depositors) Funding almost totally from member deposits Tend to hold higher levels of equity than other depository institutions Can be federally chartered and regulated by NCUA or state chartered and regulated by the state Deposits insured by the NCUSIF Exempt from corporate taxes Growth is not the primary goal

10. McGraw-Hill /Irwin Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Composition of Credit Union Loan Portfolio, 2004

11. McGraw-Hill /Irwin Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Composition of Credit Union Investment Portfolio, 2004

12. McGraw-Hill /Irwin Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Composition of Credit Union Deposits, 2004

13. 4. S&L Crisis 1930s Basic Regulatory Structure put in place. –S&Ls limited to fixed rate mortgage loans –Deposit Insurance with fixed premium –Deposits insured by FSLIC –Deposit rate ceilings (Regulation Q) 1970s - Fluctuating and increasing interest rates lead to deposit outflows 1930s Basic Regulatory Structure put in place. –S&Ls limited to fixed rate mortgage loans –Deposit Insurance with fixed premium –Deposits insured by FSLIC –Deposit rate ceilings (Regulation Q) 1970s - Fluctuating and increasing interest rates lead to deposit outflows

14. S&L Crisis Initial response - Deregulation –removed deposit rate ceilings –lessened investment restrictions –raised insurance ceiling to $100,000 from $40,000 Record high interest rates in early 80s lead to losses –Many S&Ls economically insolvent –FSLIC economically insolvent Initial response - Deregulation –removed deposit rate ceilings –lessened investment restrictions –raised insurance ceiling to $100,000 from $40,000 Record high interest rates in early 80s lead to losses –Many S&Ls economically insolvent –FSLIC economically insolvent

15. S&L Crisis Next response - regulatory forbearance –Allow insolvent S&Ls to continue in operation rather than close them down –FSLIC did not have sufficient funds to close insolvent S&Ls and payoff depositors –Hoped the problems would go away Next response - regulatory forbearance –Allow insolvent S&Ls to continue in operation rather than close them down –FSLIC did not have sufficient funds to close insolvent S&Ls and payoff depositors –Hoped the problems would go away

16. S&L Crisis S&Ls attempt to “grow out of the problem” –commercial real estate loans –junk bonds –brokered deposits Increased the moral hazard because an operating but insolvent S&L, a zombie S&L, has nothing to lose by taking on greater risk Zombie S&Ls attracted deposits away from healthy S&L's by offering higher interest rates FSLIC fund was bankrupt by the end of 1986 S&Ls attempt to “grow out of the problem” –commercial real estate loans –junk bonds –brokered deposits Increased the moral hazard because an operating but insolvent S&L, a zombie S&L, has nothing to lose by taking on greater risk Zombie S&Ls attracted deposits away from healthy S&L's by offering higher interest rates FSLIC fund was bankrupt by the end of 1986

17. S&L Crisis Next Response – re-regulation (Financial Institutions Reform, Recovery, and Enforcement Act, 1989) –Zombie thrifts finally closed –New supervisory agency (Office of Thrift Supervision) –Insurance moved to FDIC –Higher capital standards –Risk based capital and risk based deposit insurance premiums –Investment restrictions Next Response – re-regulation (Financial Institutions Reform, Recovery, and Enforcement Act, 1989) –Zombie thrifts finally closed –New supervisory agency (Office of Thrift Supervision) –Insurance moved to FDIC –Higher capital standards –Risk based capital and risk based deposit insurance premiums –Investment restrictions

18. McGraw-Hill /Irwin Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 5. Finance Company Functions Originated during the Depression when General Electric Corp. created GE Capital Corp. to finance appliance sales to cash-strapped customers In the late 1950’s, banks became more willing to make installment loans so finance companies branched out into leasing and leveraged buyouts Willing to lend to riskier borrowers Often are directly affiliated with manufacturing Limited regulation Originated during the Depression when General Electric Corp. created GE Capital Corp. to finance appliance sales to cash-strapped customers In the late 1950’s, banks became more willing to make installment loans so finance companies branched out into leasing and leveraged buyouts Willing to lend to riskier borrowers Often are directly affiliated with manufacturing Limited regulation

19. McGraw-Hill /Irwin Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Three Major Types of Finance Companies Sales finance institutions –finance companies specializing in loans to customers of a particular retailer or manufacturer (e.g., Ford Motor Credit and Sears Roebuck Acceptance Corp.) Personal credit institutions –finance companies specializing in installment and other loans to consumers (e.g., Household Finance Corp. and American General Finance) Business credit institutions –finance companies specializing in business loans, leasing, and factoring (e.g., CIT Group and Heller Financial) Sales finance institutions –finance companies specializing in loans to customers of a particular retailer or manufacturer (e.g., Ford Motor Credit and Sears Roebuck Acceptance Corp.) Personal credit institutions –finance companies specializing in installment and other loans to consumers (e.g., Household Finance Corp. and American General Finance) Business credit institutions –finance companies specializing in business loans, leasing, and factoring (e.g., CIT Group and Heller Financial)

20. McGraw-Hill /Irwin Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Assets of U.S. Finance Companies (September 30, 2004) ($Bn) Accounts receivable gross ……… $1,354.7 77.6% Consumer …………………………. 462.6 26.5 Business …………………………… 598.3 34.3 Real estate …………………………. 293.8 16.8 Less reserves for unearned income …… (75.1) (4.3) Less reserves for losses ………………. (20.9) (1.2) Accounts receivable net ………………. 1,258.7 72.1 All other ………………………………. 487.1 27.9 Total Assets $1,745.8 100.0 Accounts receivable gross ……… $1,354.7 77.6% Consumer …………………………. 462.6 26.5 Business …………………………… 598.3 34.3 Real estate …………………………. 293.8 16.8 Less reserves for unearned income …… (75.1) (4.3) Less reserves for losses ………………. (20.9) (1.2) Accounts receivable net ………………. 1,258.7 72.1 All other ………………………………. 487.1 27.9 Total Assets $1,745.8 100.0

21. McGraw-Hill /Irwin Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Liabilities of U.S. Finance Companies (September 30, 2004) ($Bn) Bank loans …………………………… $ 64.1 3.7% Commercial paper ……………………. 150.8 8.7 Debt due to parent ……………………. 112.3 6.4 Debt not elsewhere classified ………… 768.8 44.0 All other liabilities ……………………. 415.9 23.8 Capital, surplus, undivided profits ……. 233.9 13.4 Total Liabilities $1,745.8 100.0 Bank loans …………………………… $ 64.1 3.7% Commercial paper ……………………. 150.8 8.7 Debt due to parent ……………………. 112.3 6.4 Debt not elsewhere classified ………… 768.8 44.0 All other liabilities ……………………. 415.9 23.8 Capital, surplus, undivided profits ……. 233.9 13.4 Total Liabilities $1,745.8 100.0

22. McGraw-Hill /Irwin Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Balance Sheet Assets –Business and consumer loans (called accounts receivable) and real estate loans Liabilities and equity –FCs cannot accept deposits, so they rely heavily on issuing short-term commercial paper and other debt instruments (longer-term notes and bonds) to finance assets Assets –Business and consumer loans (called accounts receivable) and real estate loans Liabilities and equity –FCs cannot accept deposits, so they rely heavily on issuing short-term commercial paper and other debt instruments (longer-term notes and bonds) to finance assets

23. McGraw-Hill /Irwin Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Finance Company Assets, 2004

24. McGraw-Hill /Irwin Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Consumer Loans Motor vehicle loans and leases are the major type of consumer loan (80.4% in 2001) Subprime lender - a finance company that lends to high- risk customers Loan sharks - subprime lenders that charge unfairly exorbitant rates to desperate, subprime borrowers Other consumer loans (19.6% in 2001) –personal cash loans –mobile home loans –loans for consumer goods Motor vehicle loans and leases are the major type of consumer loan (80.4% in 2001) Subprime lender - a finance company that lends to high- risk customers Loan sharks - subprime lenders that charge unfairly exorbitant rates to desperate, subprime borrowers Other consumer loans (19.6% in 2001) –personal cash loans –mobile home loans –loans for consumer goods

25. McGraw-Hill /Irwin Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Mortgages Residential and commercial mortgages have become a major component of finance companies’ assets Often issued to riskier borrowers and charge a higher interest rate for that risk Securitized mortgage assets: mortgages packaged and used as assets backing secondary market securities Bad debt expense and administrative costs of home equity loans are lower and have become a very attractive product for finance companies Residential and commercial mortgages have become a major component of finance companies’ assets Often issued to riskier borrowers and charge a higher interest rate for that risk Securitized mortgage assets: mortgages packaged and used as assets backing secondary market securities Bad debt expense and administrative costs of home equity loans are lower and have become a very attractive product for finance companies

26. McGraw-Hill /Irwin Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Business Loans Represent the largest portion of the loan portfolio Several advantages over commercial banks offered to small-business customers –they are not subject to regulations that restrict the type of products and services –do not accept deposits so no bank regulators –have substantial industry and product expertise –more willing to accept risky customers –generally have lower overheads Business lending also includes equipment loans or leasing, purchase accounts receivable, small farm loans, wholesale loans/leases of mobile homes Represent the largest portion of the loan portfolio Several advantages over commercial banks offered to small-business customers –they are not subject to regulations that restrict the type of products and services –do not accept deposits so no bank regulators –have substantial industry and product expertise –more willing to accept risky customers –generally have lower overheads Business lending also includes equipment loans or leasing, purchase accounts receivable, small farm loans, wholesale loans/leases of mobile homes