1. Towards Inward Looking Development Lecture # 8 Week 4

2. From previous classes: Protectionists policies in Latin America started prior to 1913 In early 20 th C Latin America, protectionist policies were not associated with “terms of trade deterioration” Instead: revenue, domestic market, and “trade strategies”, were influential determinants at this early stage Latin America recovered rather quickly after WW I and up until the end of the 1920s most Latin American countries (except for Argentina) did not have a modern manufacturing sector, export – led growth continued The real turning point was the Great Depression!! This period laid the foundations of a pure import substitution model, which reached its most extreme form in the 1950s and 60s

3. Structure of this class What happened during the Great Depression The contribution of ideology revisited What happened during and after WW II Cross country differences Growth, Income distribution, and Poverty until 1970

4. During the Great Depression Since Latin America was still an export-led growth region, primary commodity exports’ prices were adversely affected For countries producing inelastic supply tropical products, declining demand provoked a large fall in prices For countries producing minerals, the slump in the industrialized countries led to the collapse of production Countries less adversely affected: Argentina and Brazil Balance of Payment crises Recession, devaluations, political unrest

5. Contribution of ideology ( “Dependency School”, ECLA) based on declining terms of trade Which was not really the case (e.g., Argentina last class) Ideology also had an impact on Foreign Direct Investment

6. What happened during and after World War II Concentration of exports in few commodities as a result of protection and discrimination in industrialized countries Market share maintained in cotton and copper, but lost to other developing countries in coffee, oil, sugar, wheat, beef, wool, maize, and hides Overall Latin America lost out the opportunities created by the post war boom in international trade The limited success of a handful of small republics (Central America, Ecuador, the Dominican Republic, and Mexico) could not disguise that the region had lost market share A phenomenon often referred to as a “lost opportunity”

8. → Manufacturing sector increased rapidly → Growth However: Technological constraints → FDI legislation reviewed Financial constraints → BOP crises

10. ISI prescriptions Argentina, Brazil Chile, Colombia, Mexico & Uruguay The other 14 remained outward looking but more diversified → Growth linked to export performance However: Primary commodity exports only Terms of trade deterioration Poor export performance → Some ISI policies adopted

11. Intra-regional trade

12. Growth

13. Distribution And Poverty

14. Next class: Topic 9 in your syllabus Enjoy Columbus day weekend -