1. Biology 9/15-10/21 (6 weeks) 授課老師:蔡玉真 電話分機: 2468, 2469 生命科學系 107室
Office time: Tuesday 1:00-3:00

2. Neil A.Campbell and Jane B.Reece
Biology
Seventh edition
Neil A.Campbell and Jane B.Reece
Exploring life (1)
The cell (6-10)
The chemistry of life (2-5)
Bird’s nest fern
(Fiddlehead fern)

3. mid-term exam (2): 70%
Quiz: 20%
出席率: 10%
Score: 33.3分

4. Exploring Life Chapter 1 Biology is the scientific study of life
How do we recognize life? By what ?
Growth
Reproduce similar organisms

5. properties of life (b) Evolutionary adaptation (a) Order
(c) Response to the environment
(a) Order
(d) Regulation
(g) Reproduction
(f) Growth and development
(b) Evolutionary adaptation
(e) Energy processing

6. A Hierarchy of Biological Organization:
Biologists explore life from the microscopic to the global scale
A Hierarchy of Biological Organization:
microscope scale of molecules and cells
organisms
the global scale of the entire living planet

7. many levels of biological organization
biosphere
Ecosystems
Livings and non-living
communities
livings
population
organisms
from the biosphere to organisms

8. Organs and organ systems
From cells to molecules
Organelles
1 µm
Molecules
Cells
Atoms
Tissues
10 µm
50 µm
Organs and organ systems

9. The cell is the lowest level of organization that can perform all activities required for life
DNA
spindle
mitosis
cell division
cell

10. Cell theory: All cells share certain characteristics
They are all enclosed by a membrane
They all use DNA as genetic information
There are two main forms of cells
Eukaryotic
Prokaryotic
nuclear
cell

11. Nucleus (contains DNA)
Eukaryotic cells vs. Prokaryotic cells
EUKARYOTIC CELL
Membrane
Cytoplasm
Organelles
Nucleus (contains DNA)
1 µm
PROKARYOTIC CELL
DNA
(no nucleus)
cell
size
membrane-enclosed organelles
Lack of membrane-enclosed organelles

12. The Cell’s Heritable Information : DNA
-program the cells’ production of proteins
-transmit information from parents to offspring
inheritance
Egg cell
Sperm cell
Nuclei
containing
DNA
Fertilized egg
with DNA from
both parents
Embyro’s cells with copies of inherited DNA
Offspring with traits
inherited from
DNA

13. The molecular structure of DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
four types of nucleotides
(A, T, C, and G).
DNA double helix
DNA
Cell
Nucleotide A C T G
Nucleus
Single strand of DNA.
DNA

14. Energy flows through an ecosystem
Producers
(plants and other
photosynthetic
organisms)
Consumers
(including animals)
Sunlight
Chemical energy
Heat
Ecosystem
ecosystem
Usually entering as sunlight and exiting as heat

15. Taxonomy: Classifying life similarity diversity
Species Genus Family Order Class Phylum Kingdom Domain
Ursus ameri-canus
(American
black bear)
Ursus
Ursidae
Carnivora
Mammalia
Chordata
Animalia
similarity
diversity
Community
Eukarya

16. The Three Domains of Life
At the highest level, life is classified into three domains
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya
Consist of prokaryotes
the eukaryotes
Includes the various protist kingdoms
and the kingdoms Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia

17. Life’s three domains protist Plantae, Animalia Fungi 4 µm 100 µm
DOMAIN ARCHAEA
0.5 µm
Animalia
Fungi
0.5µm

18. Remarkable unity in the Diversity of Life
Cilia of windpipe cells.
The cells that keep the lungs clean
by moving a film of debris-trapping
mucus upward.
Cross section of cilium,
as viewed with an electron
microscope
Cilia of Paramecium.
9+2
The cilia of Paramecium propel the cell through pond water.
Universal genetic language:
DNA
Eukaryotic cell structure

19. The evolutionary view of life
Charles Darwin published On the Origin of Species by Natural Selection
(in 1859)
Charles Darwin
organism

20. The Origin of Species articulated two main points
Descent with modification
-mutation
-sexual reproduction
Natural selection
Gametes get different combination
of parents chromosomes

21. Natural selection environmental factors
1 Populations with varied inherited traits
environmental factors
2 Elimination of individuals with certain traits.
3 Reproduction of survivors.
4 Increasing frequency of traits that enhance survival and reproductive success.

22. Natural Selection Population of organisms Overproduction Hereditary
and struggle for
existence
Hereditary
variations
Differences in reproductive success
Evolution of adaptations
in the population

23. The Tree of life Kinship food niche Galapagos islands
similar anatomical features
Large ground finch
Small ground
finch
Geospiza
magnirostris
Seed eater
Sharp-beaked
ground finch
Camarhynchus psitacula
Green warbler finch
Large tree finch
Large cactus
Ground finches
Tree finches
Insect eaters
Bud eater
Warbler finches
Common ancestor from South American mainland
Gray warbler finch
Certhidea olivacea
Certhidea fusca
difficilis
Cactus flower eater
Geospiza scandens
conirostris
fortis
Medium ground
Geospiza fuliginosa
Mangrove finch
Cactospiza
heliobates
Cactospiza pallida
Woodpecker
Medium tree finch
Camarhynchus pauper
Small tree finch
Vegetarian finch
Camarhynchus parvulus
Platyspiza crassirostris
Cactus ground finch
Kinship
food
niche
Galapagos islands

24. The products of natural selection
Are often exquisite adaptations of organisms to the special
circumstances of their way of life and their environment
bat
Structure and function

25. Reductionism vs. System biology
reducing complex systems to simpler components that are more manageable to study
System biology
models of the dynamic behavior of whole biological systems
at the cellular and molecular levels
high-throughput technology, bioinformatics, and interdisciplinary research teams

26. How do biologists inquiry to explore life?
A search for information and explanation, often focusing on specific questions
Two approaches of scientific study:
Discovery science : describe nature
Hypothesis-based science: explain nature
to know

27. Discovery Science--Descriptive science
-describes life (at many different levels)
-careful observation and measurement
-analysis of data and get conclusions
Example:
“All organisms are made of cells”
Induction reasoning
generalizations based on a large
number of specific observations

28. Hypotheses-based Scientific method
Observations
Questions
Hypothesis # 1: Dead batteries
Hypothesis # 2: Burnt-out bulb
Prediction:
Replacing batteries
will fix problem
Replacing bulb
Test prediction
Test does not falsify hypothesis
Test falsifies hypothesis
testable
falsifiable
Propose
Test
specific questions

29. Logic of Hypothesis-Based Science
deductive
The logic flows from the general to the specific
If a hypothesis is correct,
Then we can expect a particular outcome

30. Designing Controlled Experiments
control groups
experimental groups
in a way that cancels the effects of unwanted variables

31. Scientific method Discovery Science : induction
Hypotheses-based Science: deduction
Limitation?
Observation and experimental results: repeatability
Hypothesis is testable and falsifiable

32. Is broad in scope than hypothesis
Theories :
Is broad in scope than hypothesis
Generates new hypotheses
Is supported by a large body of evidence
Model :
Diagrams, graphs, 3-D objects, computer programs
or mathematical equations
Help us understand scientific phenomena and make predictions
Models of ideas, structures, and processes

33. In mimicry A harmless species resembles a harmful species Advantage?
Flower fly (non-stinging)
Honeybee (stinging)
Advantage?

34. Field Experiments with Artificial Snakes
To test this mimicry hypothesis
Field Experiments with Artificial Snakes
(a) Artificial king snake
(b) Brown artificial snake that has been attacked
hundreds of artificial snakes
an experimental group
a control group

35. Range of scarlet king snake Range of eastern color snake
The hypothesis predicts that predators in non–coral snake areas will attack king snakes more frequently than will predators that live where coral snakes are present
Scarlet king snake
Key
Range of scarlet king snake
Range of eastern color snake
Eastern coral snake
North Carolina
South Carolina

36. After a given period of time
The researchers collected data that fit a key prediction
In areas where coral snakes were present, most attacks were on artificial brown snakes
17%
83%
North Carolina
South Carolina X
In areas where coral snakes were absent, most attacks were on artificial king snakes
84%
16%
Key
% of attacks on artificial king snakes
% of attacks on brown artificial snakes
Field site with artificial snakes

37. Welcome to Biology

38. Protein interaction map:
Outer membrane and cell surface
CELL
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
System biology

39. The negative feedback regulation
An accumulation of an end product slows the process
that produces that product A A
Enzyme 1
Enzyme 1
shut down/shut-off B B
Enzyme 2 C C
Enzyme 3 D D D D D D
end product D D D D D
The negative feedback regulation

40. The positive feedback regulation
The end product speeds up production W W
Enzyme 4
Enzyme 4 X X
Enzyme 5
Enzyme 5 Y Y
Enzyme 6
Enzyme 6 Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z
end product Z Z Z Z Z Z
The positive feedback regulation