1. Models of Psychopathology Unidimensional Models –One Cause of a Disorder Multidimensional Models –Multiple, Linear Causes –Diathesis-Stress Model Reciprocal Models –Reciprocal Gene-Environmental Model

2. Fig. 2-2, p. 38

3. Fig. 2-1, p. 33

4. Biological Factors Neuronal Structure and Function Brain Structure and Function Nervous System Structure –Fight or Flight Reaction

7. Neurons Structure of Neurons –Soma –Dendrites –Axon –Axon terminals –Synapses Electrochemical Communication –Action Potential –Neurotransmitters

8. Neurotransmission

9. How SSRIs Work

10. Neurons

11. Function of Neurotransmitters (and Medication) Agonists, Antagonists, Inverse Agonists Serotonin (Many, SSRIs) –Widespread, esp. in cortex Behavior, mood, thought GABA (Benzodiazepines) –Anxiety and stress reduction –Muscle relaxation –Reduced arousal and emotion (increased passivity)

12. Function of Neurotransmitters (and Medication) (2) Norepinephrine (Autonomic Functions) –aka noradrenaline –Indirect effects Dopamine –Overlap with Serotonin Circuits –Motor behavior Exploratory, Pleasure-Seeking –Schizophrenia (too much) –Parkinson’s Disease (too little)

14. Divisions of the Brain Hindbrain –Medulla – Heart rate, blood pressure, respiration –Pons – Regulates sleep stages –Cerebellum – Involved in physical coordination Midbrain –Coordinates movement with sensory input –Contains parts of the reticular activating system (RAS) Forebrain (Cerebral Cortex) –Location of most sensory, emotional, and cognitive processing –Two hemispheres joined by the corpus callosum

15. Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex Frontal –Thinking and reasoning abilities, memory Parietal –Touch recognition Occipital –Integrates visual input Temporal –Recognition of sights and sounds and long-term memory storage

16. Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex

18. The Endocrine System Hormones The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenalcortical Axis (HYPAC axis) –Integration of endocrine and nervous system function

19. Implications (cont.) Causal Connection? –Experience Can Change Brain Structure and Function –Medications and Psychotherapy Can Change Brain Structure and Function –“Filling Fallacy” and “Aspirin Analogy” Cavities caused by lack of metal in tooth Headache caused by lack of aspirin –Beware of the typical assumption

20. Psychological Factors Behavioral Models –Learned (reinforced/punished) Behavior Cognitive Models –Faulty Thought Processes (e.g., attributions) Social Learning Theory –Observational Learning Psychoanalytic Theory –Unconscious causes

21. Developmental Factors Age and expectations Erikson’s Theory Adjusting to Transitions

22. Social Factors Interpersonal Relationships –Social Support Familial Factors –Beyond genetics Siocioeconomic –Impact of poverty –Some issues unrelated to SES

23. Cultural Factors Norms, Beliefs, Expectations –Influence the form and expression of normal and abnormal behavior Culture-bound Syndromes Amok, Koro, Witiko, Hikikomori, Latah Anorexia Nervosa Gender Effects –Powerful, but unclear effects