1. Network Layer4-1 Router Architecture Overview Two key router functions: r run routing algorithms/protocol (RIP, OSPF, BGP) r switching datagrams from incoming to outgoing link

2. Network Layer4-2 Input Port Functions Decentralized switching: r given datagram dest., lookup output port using routing table in input port memory r goal: complete input port processing at ‘line speed’ r queuing: if datagrams arrive faster than forwarding rate into switch fabric Physical layer: bit-level reception Data link layer: e.g., Ethernet see chapter 5

3. Network Layer4-3 Input Port Queuing r Fabric slower that input ports combined -> queueing may occur at input queues r Head-of-the-Line (HOL) blocking: queued datagram at front of queue prevents others in queue from moving forward r queueing delay and loss due to input buffer overflow!

4. Network Layer4-4 Three types of switching fabrics

5. Network Layer4-5 Switching Via Memory First generation routers: r packet copied by system’s (single) CPU r speed limited by memory bandwidth (2 bus crossings per datagram) Input Port Output Port Memory System Bus Modern routers: r input port processor performs lookup, copy into memory r Cisco Catalyst 8500

6. Network Layer4-6 Switching Via a Bus r datagram from input port memory to output port memory via a shared bus r bus contention: switching speed limited by bus bandwidth r 1 Gbps bus, Cisco 1900: sufficient speed for access and enterprise routers (not regional or backbone)

7. Network Layer4-7 Switching Via An Interconnection Network r overcome bus bandwidth limitations r Banyan networks, other interconnection nets initially developed to connect processors in multiprocessor r Advanced design: fragmenting datagram into fixed length cells, switch cells through the fabric. r Cisco 12000: switches Gbps through the interconnection network

8. Network Layer4-8 Output Ports r Buffering required when datagrams arrive from fabric faster than the transmission rate r Scheduling discipline chooses among queued datagrams for transmission

9. Network Layer4-9 Output port queueing r buffering when arrival rate via switch exceeds output line speed r queueing (delay) and loss due to output port buffer overflow!

10. Network Layer4-10 IPv6 r Initial motivation: 32-bit address space completely allocated by 2008. r Additional motivation: m header format helps speed processing/forwarding m header changes to facilitate QoS m new “anycast” address: route to “best” of several replicated servers r IPv6 datagram format: m fixed-length 40 byte header m no fragmentation allowed

11. Network Layer4-11 IPv6 Header (Cont) Priority: identify priority among datagrams in flow Flow Label: identify datagrams in same “flow” (concept of “flow” not well defined). Next header: identify upper layer protocol for data

12. Network Layer4-12 Other Changes from IPv4 r Checksum: removed entirely to reduce processing time at each hop r Options: allowed, but outside of header, indicated by “Next Header” field r ICMPv6: new version of ICMP m additional message types, e.g. “Packet Too Big” m multicast group management functions

13. Network Layer4-13 Transition From IPv4 To IPv6 r Not all routers can be upgraded simultaneous m no “flag days” m How will the network operate with mixed IPv4 and IPv6 routers? r Two proposed approaches: m Dual Stack: some routers with dual stack (v6, v4) can “translate” between formats m Tunneling: IPv6 carried as payload in IPv4 datagram among IPv4 routers

14. Network Layer4-14 Dual Stack Approach A B E F IPv6 C D IPv4 Flow: X Src: A Dest: F data Flow: ?? Src: A Dest: F data Src:A Dest: F data A-to-B: IPv6 Src:A Dest: F data B-to-C: IPv4 B-to-C: IPv4 B-to-C: IPv6

15. Network Layer4-15 Tunneling A B E F IPv6 tunnel Logical view: Physical view: A B E F IPv6 C D IPv4 Flow: X Src: A Dest: F data Flow: X Src: A Dest: F data Flow: X Src: A Dest: F data Src:B Dest: E Flow: X Src: A Dest: F data Src:B Dest: E A-to-B: IPv6 E-to-F: IPv6 B-to-C: IPv6 inside IPv4 B-to-C: IPv6 inside IPv4

16. Network Layer4-16 What is mobility? r spectrum of mobility, from the network perspective: no mobility high mobility mobile user, using same access point mobile user, passing through multiple access point while maintaining ongoing connections ( like cell phone) mobile user, connecting/ disconnecting from network using DHCP.

17. Network Layer4-17 Mobility: Vocabulary home network: permanent “home” of mobile (e.g., 128.119.40/24) Permanent address: address in home network, can always be used to reach mobile e.g., 128.119.40.186 home agent: entity that will perform mobility functions on behalf of mobile, when mobile is remote wide area network correspondent

18. Network Layer4-18 Mobility: more vocabulary Care-of-address: address in visited network. (e.g., 79,129.13.2) wide area network visited network: network in which mobile currently resides (e.g., 79.129.13/24) Permanent address: remains constant ( e.g., 128.119.40.186) home agent: entity in visited network that performs mobility functions on behalf of mobile. correspondent: wants to communicate with mobile

19. Network Layer4-19 How do you contact a mobile friend: r search all phone books? r call her parents? r expect her to let you know where he/she is? I wonder where Alice moved to? Consider friend frequently changing addresses, how do you find her?

20. Network Layer4-20 Mobility: approaches r Let routing handle it: routers advertise permanent address of mobile-nodes-in-residence via usual routing table exchange. m routing tables indicate where each mobile located m no changes to end-systems r Let end-systems handle it: m indirect routing: communication from correspondent to mobile goes through home agent, then forwarded to remote m direct routing: correspondent gets foreign address of mobile, sends directly to mobile

21. Network Layer4-21 Mobility: approaches r Let routing handle it: routers advertise permanent address of mobile-nodes-in-residence via usual routing table exchange. m routing tables indicate where each mobile located m no changes to end-systems r let end-systems handle it: m indirect routing: communication from correspondent to mobile goes through home agent, then forwarded to remote m direct routing: correspondent gets foreign address of mobile, sends directly to mobile not scalable to millions of mobiles

22. Network Layer4-22 Mobility: registration End result: r Foreign agent knows about mobile r Home agent knows location of mobile wide area network home network visited network 1 mobile contacts foreign agent on entering visited network 2 foreign agent contacts home agent home: “this mobile is resident in my network”

23. Network Layer4-23 Mobility via Indirect Routing wide area network home network visited network 3 2 4 1 correspondent addresses packets using home address of mobile home agent intercepts packets, forwards to foreign agent foreign agent receives packets, forwards to mobile mobile replies directly to correspondent

24. Network Layer4-24 Indirect Routing: comments r Mobile uses two addresses: m permanent address: used by correspondent (hence mobile location is transparent to correspondent) m care-of-address: used by home agent to forward datagrams to mobile r foreign agent functions may be done by mobile itself r triangle routing: correspondent-home-network- mobile m inefficient when correspondent, mobile are in same network

25. Network Layer4-25 Forwarding datagrams to remote mobile Permanent address: 128.119.40.186 Care-of address: 79.129.13.2 dest: 128.119.40.186 packet sent by correspondent dest: 79.129.13.2 dest: 128.119.40.186 packet sent by home agent to foreign agent: a packet within a packet dest: 128.119.40.186 foreign-agent-to-mobile packet

26. Network Layer4-26 Indirect Routing: moving between networks r suppose mobile user moves to another network m registers with new foreign agent m new foreign agent registers with home agent m home agent update care-of-address for mobile m packets continue to be forwarded to mobile (but with new care-of-address) r Mobility, changing foreign networks transparent: on going connections can be maintained!

27. Network Layer4-27 Mobility via Direct Routing wide area network home network visited network 4 2 4 1 correspondent requests, receives foreign address of mobile correspondent forwards to foreign agent foreign agent receives packets, forwards to mobile mobile replies directly to correspondent 3

28. Network Layer4-28 Mobility via Direct Routing: comments r overcome triangle routing problem r non-transparent to correspondent: correspondent must get care-of-address from home agent m What happens if mobile changes networks?

29. Network Layer4-29 Mobile IP r RFC 3220 r has many features we’ve seen: m home agents, foreign agents, foreign-agent registration, care-of-addresses, encapsulation (packet-within-a-packet) r three components to standard: m agent discovery m registration with home agent m indirect routing of datagrams

30. Network Layer4-30 Mobile IP: agent discovery r agent advertisement: foreign/home agents advertise service by broadcasting ICMP messages (typefield = 9) R bit: registration required H,F bits: home and/or foreign agent

31. Network Layer4-31 Mobile IP: registration example

32. Network Layer4-32 Network Layer: summary Next stop: the Data link layer! What we’ve covered: r network layer services r routing principles: link state and distance vector r hierarchical routing r addressing r IP r Internet routing protocols RIP, OSPF, BGP r what’s inside a router? r IPv6 r mobility