1. Introduction to important molecules which comprise the structure and function of all living organisms

2. Categories: Lipids ProteinsNucleic Acids Carbohydrates Biological Compounds

3. Principle Elements Ratio of Various Elements Special Functional Groups

4. Hydroxyl ( -OH ) Carboxyl ( -COOH ) Carbonyl (C=O) OHCO C O OH Alcohols Aldehydes, Ketones Carboxylic acids N H H AminesAmino ( -NH 2 )

5. Phosphate ( -H 2 PO 4 ) O H P O O H O SH Sulfhydryl ( -SH) Organic phosphates Thiols

6. Monomer Subunits that serve as building blocks Connected by condensation reactions (dehydration) Polymers Covalent bonding occurs Solubility in Water

7. Monomer Polymer

8. Monomers HHO H H2OH2O

9. C 6 H 12 O 6 + C 6 H 12 O 6 C 12 H 22 O 11 + H 2 O

10. H2OH2O

11. Monomers HHO H2OH2O

12. C 12 H 22 O 11 + H 2 O C 6 H 12 O 6 + C 6 H 12 O 6

13. Principle Elements: C, H, & O H:O = 2:1 Many Hydroxyl Groups (-OH) Monomers: Monosaccharides Polymers: Polysaccharides Water Soluble

14. Energy Metabolism Structural Components Cell-to-Cell Contacts and Recognition Elimination of wastes (fiber) APT cell Helper- T cell

15. Chemical Formulas C 6 H 12 O 6 From corn syrup

16. Chemical Formulas C 5 H 10 O 5 C 5 H 10 O 4 deoxyribose

17. Maltose Sucrose glucose + fructose glucose + glucose Lactose glucose + galactose

18. glycogen

19. Principle Elements: C, H, & O Some With P & N H:O >>> 2:1 Diverse Group of Biological Molecules Water Insoluble

20. Energy Storage Protection & Cushioning of Body Organs Structural Components of Membranes Chemical Messengers (hormones)

21. Triglycerides (neutral fats) Phospholipids Sterols Waxes Vitamins (D, E, K)

22. Glycerol Fatty Acid

24. Glycerol Fatty Acids Saturated with H + Most animal fats are saturated, ex. butter Solid at room temp

25. Has one or more double bonds between carbons Most vegetable fats Liquid at room temp

26. Hydrophilic head Hydrophobic tails phosphorous carbon hydrogen oxygen

27. Nonpolar hydrophobic tails (fatty acids) exposed to oil Polar hydrophilic heads exposed to water

29. cholesterol Bacon grease

31. Cholesterol: < 175 mg/dl Triglycerides: 30-175 mg/dl HDL: >35 LDL: <130 Cholesterol/HDL ratio: <4.5 indicates heart disease

32. Family history of vascular disease High levels of blood cholesterol Smoking Diabetes Hypertension Obesity

33. Eat healthy Exercise Lose wt. Quit smoking 1 glass wine or beer Medication Surgery

34. Principle Elements: C, H, O, & N Monomers: Amino Acids Polymers: Polypeptides or Proteins Generally Water Soluble

35. Functional Groups of Amino Acids Carboxylic Acid (-COOH) Amine (-NH 2 ) R-Groups (variable - 20 different kinds)

36. Enzymes Structural Proteins Chemical Messengers (Hormones) Contractile Antibodies

37. Levels of Protein Structure Primary structure Secondary structure Tertiary structure Quarternary structure

38. Primary structure: Linear sequence of amino acids Levels of Protein Structure Alpha helix H-Bonds Secondary structure: Beta Pleated sheet NH 3 LeuCysValAspPheCOO

39. Levels of Protein Structure Tertiary: 3D configuration Weak bonds between side chains Quartenary: Two or more polypeptides e.g. Hemoglobin (Hb)

42. Peptide bond DipeptideWater AA1 AA2

45. GLYSERALATYRILEGLNLEUMET GLYSERASPGLUILEGLNHISASN

46. Enzymatic reactions are affected by: Temperature pH Substrate conc. Enzyme conc. Catalysts- speed up a reaction Not used up by reaction Decrease activation energy of a reaction (activation energy is needed to break chemical bonds)

47. Are very specific for their substrate Substrates: Bind only to a restricted region of the enzyme (active site) Held in place by weak interactions (H-bonds) Lock and key Specificity of enzyme: Active site Enzyme (sucrase) Substrate (sucrose)

48. The Functioning of Enzymes active site

51. Enzyme

54. Principle Elements: C, H, O, N, & P Monomers: Nucleotides Polymers: Nucleic Acids Generally Water Soluble

55. Nucleotide Components: Ribose (5-C) Sugar Phosphate Nitrogenous Base

56. Genetic Instruction Set (DNA) Protein Synthesis (DNA & RNA) Energy Metabolism (ATP)

62. Polymers made up of individual nucleotides Nucleotides contain Phosphate group Five carbon sugar Ring shaped nitrogen base DNA contains information for almost all cell activities

63. ATP

64. Role of ATP in Energy Metabolism ATP  ADP + P i + Energy

65. Role of ATP in Energy Metabolism

66. INQUIRY 1.Describe the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats. 2.Where are phospholipids found? 3.Cholesterol is the base molecule for what type of lipids? 4.Name a polysaccharide used to store energy. 5.Name the currency molecule for all the cells activities.