1. Plant Propagation Facility
Types of Structures
Environmental Modifications
Cultural Procedures
Propagation Facility
Recommendations

2. Propagation Structures
Propagation requires controlled environment:
Light
Temperature
Moisture
Gasses (CO2, O2)
Types of Propagation Facility
Cold Frames
Hotbeds
Greenhouses
Shade Houses

3. Cold Frames Used for hardening seedlings and rooted cuttings
Semi-controlled environment
Used for hardening seedlings and rooted cuttings
Can also be used for vernalizing herbaceous perennials

4. Hotbeds Small, low structures for minimum environmental control
Some bottom-heated: Use of electrical cables, hot water, stream
Heat from organic waste (manure, straw) was used earlier days
Possible problems:
Seedling damping-off (Pythium, Rhizoctonia)
Complete control of temperature difficult

5. Structural Designs of Greenhouse
1. Lean-to Greenhouses
2. Single Span Greenhouses
- Even-span greenhouses
- Uneven-span greenhouses
- Arch or curvilinear greenhouses
3. Ridge-and-Furrow Greenhouses
- Gutter connected multi-span greenhouses

6. 1. Lean-to Greenhouses Build against a side of an existing building
Advantages: Less heating costs
Easy access to harvesting crops
Disadvantages: Humid air into the house
Chemical spray health hazard (use biological control)

7. Earlier Greenhouses
Modern Greenhouses

8. 2. Single-Span Greenhouses

10. Standard Single-Span Greenhouses

14. Ridge and Furrow Greenhouse

15. Environmental Controls
Temperature
Light (Intensity, Duration)
Plant Nutrition
Humidity
5. Carbon Dioxide Concentration
6. Insect and Disease Control

18. Pad and Fan Evaporative Cooling System

20. Lighting for Photosynthesis

21. Influence of Photoperiod on Flowering

22. Spectral Distribution of Various Lamps

23. Four Components of Soil
Soil and Growing Media
Four Components of Soil

24. Adjustment of Soil pH To raise soil pH To lower soil pH
Ground limestone (CaCO3)
Dolomitic lime (mixture of CaCO3 + MgCO3)
Gypsum (CaSO4)
To lower soil pH
Sulfur powder (S)
Aluminum sulfate [Al2(SO4)3]
Iron Sulfate (FeSO4)
For solution, use:
Sulfuric Acid (H2SO ► 2H+ + SO4-2)
Phosphoric Acid (H3PO ► 3H+ + PO4-3)
Nitric Acid (HNO ► H+ + NO3-)

25. Inorganic components 1. Soil Amendments
Sand: low water-holding, low CEC, heavy, size varies
used as inert medium
Vermiculite: expanded mica mineral
high water-holding, good CEC, high buffering
Perlite: heated, popped volcanic rock (inert)
very light, no CEC, no buffering or nutrient holding
Calcined Clay: baked montmorlillonite clay, aggregate particles
heavy, durable, high CEC
Pumice: Crushed volcanic rock (inert)
low water-holding, low CEC

26. Using Soil in Growing Media
Heavy Texture Soil
Use: 1 part clay loam
2 parts organic matter
2 parts coarse aggregate (amendments)
b. Medium Texture Soil
Use: 1 part silty loam
1 part organic matter
1 part coarse aggregate (amendments)
c. Light Texture Soil
Use: 1 part sandy loam

27. Artificial Growing Media
The UC Mixes
Mix A: 100% sand + 0% peat
Mix B: 75% sand + 25% peat
Mix C: 50% sand + 50% peat
Mix D: 25% sand + 75% peat
Mix E: 0% sand + 100% peat
- All contain base fertilizers
- Used mainly for nursery crops (more popular in California)
b. Cornell Mixes (Peat-Lite Mix, Soil-less Mix)
Mix A: 1 part sphagnum peat
1 part vermiculite
Mix B: 1 part sphagnum peat
1 part perlite
Foliage Plant Mix:
2 parts sphagnum peat
- All mixes contain base fertilizers
- Standardized with reproducible results
- Extensively used for greenhouse crops

28. Greenhouse Uses

29. Water-Holding Characteristics Influenced by Container Height

30. Fertilizer Application
Preplant Application
-Lime, sulfur, superphosphate, gypsum, dolomite
2. Dry Application
- Fertilizers with solubility <20 g/100 ml
- Top dressing
- Do not apply lime with phosphorus
3. Liquid Feeding
- Use soluble fertilizers
- Constant feeding vs intermittent feeding

31. Fertilizer Application

32. Blossom End Rot of Tomato Calcium Deficiency
Right-Hydroponic tomatoes grown in the greenhouse, Left-Blossom end rot of tomato fruits induced by calcium (Ca++) deficiency

33. Purification of Water Reverse Osmosis (RO water)
Filtration
Reverse Osmosis (RO water)
Distillation (DI water)

34. Fluctuation of CO2 Concentration Inside a Greenhouse in One Day