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Intro to Particle and Nuclear Physics and the Long Island Gold Rush Steven Manly Univ. of Rochester REU seminar June 1, 2005 steven.manly@rochester.edu
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Inquiring minds want to know... Yo! What holds it together?
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Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (near Chicago)
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CDFMinos
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Stanford Linear Accelerator Center
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Event display from the SLD experiment at SLAC
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What forces exist in nature? What is a force? How do forces change with energy or temperature? How has the universe evolved? How do they interact?
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quarks leptons Gauge bosons u c t d s b e W, Z, g, G g Hadrons Baryons qqq qq mesons p = uud n = udd K = us or us = ud or ud Strong interaction nuclei e atoms Electromagnetic interaction
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Mini-Ph.D. – Quantum Mechanics 101 Lesson 1: Size actually does matter.
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Determine the postion and velocity of a car … no problem
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Determine the postion and velocity of a small particle … no problem
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Problem! Heisenberg uncertainty principle Cannot have perfect knowledge of both the position and velocity Heisenberg
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Dear Steve, Party relatively hard! -Al The fundamental nature of forces: virtual particles E t h Heisenberg E = mc 2 Einstein e-e-
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e+e-e+e-e+e-e+e-qq e+e-e+e-e+e-e+e-qq e+e-e+e-e+e-e+e-qq e+e-e+e-e+e-e+e-qq e+e-e+e-e+e-e+e-qq e+e-e+e-e+e-e+e-qq e+e-e+e-e+e-e+e-qq e+e-e+e-e+e-e+e-qq e+e-e+e-e+e-e+e-qq e+e-e+e-e+e-e+e-qq e+e-e+e-e+e-e+e-qq e+e-e+e-e+e-e+e-qq qq qq e+e-e+e-e+e-e+e- qq e+e-e+e-e+e-e+e- qq qq e+e-e+e-e+e-e+e- Much ado about NOTHING: Nothing is something Nothing has energy Nothing interacts with something -R. Kolb
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qq qq qqq The essence of mass at the quantum level (quantum field theory)
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-MSSL astrophysics group
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BANG! TIME
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Very hot, dense primordial soup of fundamental particles
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At 0.000001 second after bang, protons and neutrons form
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At 3 minutes, light nuclei form
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At ~300,000 years, t = 3000 degrees, atoms form and light streams freely
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t=~13 billion years, Brittney Spears gets married … again
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Modern accelerators study processes at energies that existed VERY early in the universe Another form of time travel ! What were forces like at those temperatures? What types of particles existed?
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Quantum Chromodynamics - QCD Similar to QED … But... Gauge field carries the charge q q distance energy density, temperature relative strength asymptotic freedom qq qq confinement q q
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Relativistic heavy ions at Brookhaven National Laboratory
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The view from above
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STAR
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Au-Au collision in the STAR detector
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The PHOBOS Detector (2001) Ring Counters Time of Flight Spectrometer 4 Multiplicity Array - Octagon, Vertex & Ring Counters Mid-rapidity Spectrometer TOF wall for high-momentum PID Triggering - Scintillator Paddles Counters - Zero Degree Calorimeter (ZDC) Vertex Octagon ZDC z y x Paddle Trigger Counter Cerenkov 1m 137000 silicon pad readout channels
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Central Part of the Detector (not to scale) 0.5m
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Au-Au event in the PHOBOS detector
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Collision region is football shaped
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Elliptic flow 12 6 3 9 12 3 6 9 12 Number of particles
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(reaction plane) Flow quantified dN/d( R ) = N 0 (1 + 2V 1 cos ( R ) + 2V 2 cos (2( R ) +... )
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b (reaction plane)
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Elliptic Flow at 130 GeV Phys. Rev. Lett. 89 222301 (2002) (PHOBOS : Normalized Paddle Signal) Hydrodynamic limit STAR: PRL86 (2001) 402 PHOBOS preliminary Hydrodynamic limit STAR: PRL86 (2001) 402 PHOBOS preliminary Thanks to M. Kaneta
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Flow vs P t and Hydro describes low pt vs. particle mass, fails at high p t and high- T. Hirano (consider velocity and early, self- quenching asymmetry)
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Places to learn more: Particle and nuclear physics links http://pdg.lbl.gov http://particleadventure.org http://www.slac.stanford.edu/gen/edu/aboutslac.html http://www.bnl.gov/bnlweb/sciindex.html http://www.bnl.gov/rhic/ http://public.web.cern.ch/public/ http://www.fnal.gov/ http://www.er.doe.gov/production/henp/np/index.html http://www.science.doe.gov/hep/index.shtm
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