1. Emergence of the Modern West The State as Sovereign

2. A war of all against all Thomas Hobbes Leviathan, 1660 “Life is nasty, brutish and short”

3. I. Reformation of the Radicals, 1530s - The Democratization of Christianity

4. A. Geneva and John Calvin 1. The Institutes of the Christian Religion - Predestination: grace is free, but not always accepted

5. B. The Ghost of John Calvin 1.Problem of Predestination 2.Modern capitalism(?) 3.Theocratic Puritanism Visible Saints “Protestant Work Ethic”

6. II. Europe at War

7. A. French Civil War 1. Calvinism (Huguenots) 2. Henry (IV) of Navarre 1572 - “Paris is worth a mass” - Edict of Nantes 1598

8. B. Hapsburg Hullabaloo 1. Legacy of Charles V - Peace of Augsburg, 1555

9. 2. Revolt of the Netherlands - Philip II (Spain) - Council of Blood 1566 - Spanish Fury 1576

10. 3. Spanish Armada 1588 - Henry VIII Act of Supremacy 1535 - Elizabethan Age 1558-1603 - Protestantism spreads to N. America

11. C. The 30 Years War 1618-1648 1.Prelude to WWs E ngland, Holland, Denmark, Sweden, N. Germany, (France) v. HRE, Spain, Pope 2.Peace of Westphalia 1648 - sovereignty - End of the Middle Ages

12. Era of the Nation-State - Church(es) served state Modernization of government - competition / colonization / science Enlightenment and Atlantic Revolutions - LiberalismEngland 1680s America & France 1770s- 90s