1. Jan. 20041 Java Threads Yangjun Chen Dept. Business Computing University of Winnipeg

2. Jan. 20042 Outline: Multithreading Threads and Multithreading Thread Class Static Methods Instance Methods Creating a Thread -extending the Thread class -implementing the Runnable interface Synchronization in Threads Thread Communication Deadlock

3. Jan. 20043 Threads A thread is a single stream of execution within a process. A process is a program executing in its own address space. You have been using threads all along. The main control or execution of all the programs up until now were controlled by a single thread. What we want to look at is mutlithreading or having multiple threads executing within the same program.

4. Jan. 20044 Threads You might be more familiar with the term multitasking. Multitasking: -having more than one program working at what seems to be at the same time. -The OS assigns the CPU to the different programs in a manner to give the impression of concurrency. -There are two types of multitasking - preemptive and cooperative multitasking. Multithreading: -extends the idea of multitasking by allowing individual programs to have what appears to be multiple tasks. -Each task within the program is called a thread.

5. Jan. 20045 Threads Java has multithreading built into it. Java provides a Thread class for handling threads. There are two ways to Thread objects -creating objects from subclasses of the Java Thread class -implementing the Runnable interface for an object Thread ThreadSubclass class ThreadX extends Thread { public void run() { //logic for the thread }} ThreadX tx = new ThreadX(); tx.start();

6. Jan. 20046 Runnable SomeSubclass class RunnableY implements Runnable { public void run() { //logic for the thread }} RunnableY ry = new RunnableY(); Thread ty = new Thread(ry); ty.start(); Threads implements

7. Jan. 20047 Thread Class The Thread class is part of the java.lang package. Using an object of this class, the corresponding thread can be stopped, paused, and resumed. There are many constructors and methods for this class, we will look at a few of them: -Thread( ) - no argument -Thread( String n) - creates a new Thread with the name n. -Thread( Runnable target) - creates a new Thread object. -Thread( Threadgroup group, Runnable target) This creates a new Thread object in the specified Threadgroup.

8. Jan. 20048 Methods in Thread Class static methods: activeCount();currentThread();sleep();yield(); instance methods: getPriority();setPriority();start();stop();run();isAtive();suspend();resume();join();

9. Jan. 20049 Static Methods of Thread Class static int activeCount() - returns the number of currently active threads. For example: -num_ threads = Thread. activeCount(); static Thread currentThread() - returns the object corresponding to the currently executing thread (self reference) -Thread myself = Thread. currentThread(); static void sleep( long millis) throws InterruptedException - this causes the current thread to sleep for the specified amount of time. Other threads will run at this time.

10. Jan. 200410 Static Methods of Thread Class You can also specify the number of nanoseconds as well -static void sleep(long millis, int nano); static void yield() - causes the thread to yield the processor to any other waiting threads - Java does not guarantee preemption, you should use this to ensure fairness.

11. Jan. 200411 Instance Methods of Thread Class These methods control the thread represented by a Thread object int getPriority() - returns the threads priority - a value between Thread. MIN_ PRIORITY and Thread. MAX_ PRIORITY void setPriority( int newpri) - this sets the threads priority - high priority threads will preempt lower ones when they become ready to run. Thread myself = Thread. currentThread(); myself. setPriority( Thread. MAX_ PRIORITY);

12. Jan. 200412 Instance Methods of Thread Class A ThreadGroup may restrict the maximum priority of all its member threads - therefore the setPriority method may not succeed. void start() throws IllegalThreadStateException - actually starts the thread - the thread starts and enters the run() method void stop() throws SecurityException - stops the thread void run() - this method is called when the thread is started. This is what the thread will execute while it is alive. boolean isAlive() - returns a value indicating whether the thread is currently alive - i.e. Started more recently and has not yet been died.

13. Jan. 200413 Instance Methods of Thread Class void suspend() - suspends the threads execution void resume() - resumes the execution of the thread void join() – causes the caller to wait until the thread dies

14. Jan. 200414 Creating Threads Creating a thread by subclassing the Thread class This method will allow only five thread to be started in an object. public class SimpleThread extends Thread { private int countDown = 3; private static int threadCount = 0; private int threadNumber = ++threadCount; public SimpleThread( ) { System.out.println(“Making ” + threadNumber++); }

15. Jan. 200415 Creating Threads public void run( ) { while(true) { System.out.println(“Thread ” + threadNumber + “(“ + countDown + “)”); if (--countDown == 0) return; } public static void main(String[] args) { for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) new SimpleThread().start(); System.out.println(“All Threads Started”); }

16. Jan. 200416 Creating Threads One possible output of ‘SimpleThread’: Making 1All Threads Started Making 2Thread 2(3) Making 3Thread 2(2) Making 4Thread 6(3) Making 5Thread 3(2) Thread 3(3)Thread 2(1) Thread 4(3)Thread 6(2) Thread 4(2)Thread 6(1) Thread 4(1)Thread 3(1) Thread 5(3) Thread 5(2) Thread 5(1)

17. Jan. 200417 Creating Threads One possible output of ‘SimpleThread’: T main T2T2T2T2 T3T3T3T3 T4T4T4T4 T5T5T5T5 T6T6T6T6 Making 1 Making 2 Making 3 Making 4 Making 5 3(3)3(2) 3(1)4(3)4(2) 4(1)6(3)6(2) 6(1)5(3)5(2) 5(1)2(3)2(2) 2(1) All Thread started

18. Jan. 200418 Synchronization in Threads Synchronization is a mechanism to control the the execution of different threads so that: -when multiple threads access a shared variable, proper execution can be assured. Java has the synchronized keyword - this can be used to identify a segment of code or method that should be accessible to just a single thread at a time. Before entering a synchronization region, a thread should obtain the semaphore associated with that region - it is already taken, then the thread blocks (waits) until the semaphore is released.

19. Jan. 200419 Synchronization in Threads class Account { private int balance = 0; synchronized void deposit(int amount)} balance += amount; }} class Customer extends Thread { Account account; Customer(Account account) { this.account = account; } public void run() { try { for (int i = 0; i < 10000; i++) {account.deposit(10);} }

20. Jan. 200420 Synchronization in Threads catch (Exception e) { e.printStackTrace(); } }} public class BankDemo { private final static int NUMCUSTOMER = 10; public static void main(String args[]) { //Create account Account account = new Account(); //Create and start customer threads Customer customer[] = new Customer[NUMCUSTOMER]; for (int i = 0; i < NUMCUSTOMER; i++) { customer[i] = new Customer(account); customer[i].start(); }

21. Jan. 200421 Synchronization in Threads //Wait for customer threads to complete for (int i = 0; i < NUMCUSTOMER; i++) { try { customer[i].join(); } catch (InterruptedException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } //Display account balance System.out.println(account.getBalance()); }

22. Jan. 200422 Synchronization in Threads In Java, any object with one or more synchronized methods is a monitor. When threads call a synchronized method, only one thread is let in at a time, the others wait in a queue. In producer- consumer type applications, consumer threads might find that there is not enough elements to consume It is the job of the monitor to ensure that the threads that are waiting for the producer are notified once the elements are produced.

23. Jan. 200423 Thread Communication A thread can temporarily release a lock so other threads can have an opportunity to execute a synchronized method. It is because the Object class defined three methods that allow threads to communicate with each other. -void wait() - causes the thread to wait until notified - this method can only be called within a synchronized method. - void wait(long msec) throws InterruptedException - void wait(long msec, int nsec) throws InterruptedException -void notify() - notifies a randomly selected thread waiting for a lock on this object - can only be called within a synchronized method. -void notifyall() - notifies all threads waiting for a lock on this object - can only be called within a synchronized method.

24. Jan. 200424 Thread Communication class Producer extends Thread { Queue queue; Producer (Queue queue) { this.queue = queue; } public void run { int i = 0; while(true) { queue.add(i++); }

25. Jan. 200425 Thread Communication class Comsumer extends Thread { String str; Queue queue; Consumer (String str, Queue queue) { this.str = str; this.queue = queue; } public void run { while(true) { System.out.println(str + “: ” + queue.remove();); }

26. Jan. 200426 Thread Communication class queue { private final static int SIZE = 10; int array[] = new int[SIZE]; int r = 0; int w = 0; int count = 0; synchronized void add(int i) { //wait while the queue is full while (count == SIZE) { try { wait() } catch (InterruptedException ie) { ie.printStackTrace(); System.exit(0); }}

27. Jan. 200427 Thread Communication //Add data to array and adjust write pointer array[w++] = i; if (w >= SIZE) w = 0; //Increment count ++count; //Notify waiting threads notifyAll(); } synchronized int remove() { //wait while the queue is empty while (count == 0) { try { wait();} catch (InterruptedException ie) { ie.printStackTrace(); System.exit(0);}}

28. Jan. 200428 Thread Communication //read data from array and adjust read pointer int element = array[r++]; if (r >= SIZE) r = 0; //Decrement count --count; //Notify waiting threads notifyAll(); return element; }} public ProducerConsumer { public static void main(String args[]) { Queue queue = new Queue(); new Producer(queue).start(); new Consumer(“ConsumerA”, queue).start(); new Consumer(“ConsumerB”, queue).start(); new Consumer(“ConsumerC”, queue).start();}}

29. Jan. 200429 Thread Properties runnable blocked new dead start stop I/Ocomplete block on I/O notify wait resume suspend done sleep

30. Jan. 200430 Deadlock Deadlock is an error that can be encountered in multithreads. It occurs when two or more threads wait indefinitely for each other to relinquish locks. -Assume that thread-1 holds a lock on object-1 and waits for a lock on object-2. Thread-2 holds a lock on object-2 and waits for a lock on object- 2. -Neither of these threads may proceed. Each waits forever for the other to relinquish the lock it needs.

31. Jan. 200431 Deadlock T1:Aa1(); a2(); b B a b1(); b2(); T2:

32. Jan. 200432 Deadlock class A { B b; synchronized void a1() { System.out.println(“Starting a1”); b.b2(); } synchronized void a2() { System.out.println(“Starting a2”); }

33. Jan. 200433 Deadlock class B { A a; synchronized void b1() { System.out.println(“Starting b1”); a.a2(); } synchronized void b2() { System.out.println(“Starting b2”); }

34. Jan. 200434 Deadlock class Thread1 extends Thread { A a; Thread1(A a) { this.a = a; } public void run() { for (int i = 0; i < 100000; i++) a.a1(); }

35. Jan. 200435 Deadlock class Thread2 extends Thread { B b; Thread2(B b) { this.b = b; } public void run() { for (int i = 0; i < 100000; i++) b.b1(); }

36. Jan. 200436 Deadlock public class DeadlockDemo { public static void main(String args[]) { //Create objects A a = new A(); B b = new B(); a.b = b; b.a = a; //Create threads Thread1 t1 = new Thread1(a); Thread2 t2 = new Thread2(b); t1.start(); t2.start();} //wait for threads to complete try {t1.join(); t2.join();} catch (Exception e) { e.printStackTrace(); } System.out.println(“Done!”); }}

37. Jan. 200437 Deadlock The following is sample output from this application: Starting a1 Starting b2 Starting a1 Starting b2 Starting a1 Starting b2 Starting a1 Starting b2 Starting a1 Starting b1

38. Jan. 200438 public class GenericServer extends Thread { protected ServerSocket s; protected HashTable routes; public GenericServer( int port) throws IOException { super(“GenericServer”); s = new ServerSocket( port); routes = new HashTable(); public void run() { try { while( true) { Socket s2 = s. accept(); // other code } catch( IOException e) { e. printStackTrace(); }

39. Jan. 200439 public static void main( String args[]) throws IOException { if (args. length!= 1) throw new IOException(“ Syntax: GenericServer ”); GenericServer server = new GenericServer (Integer. parseInt( args[ 0])); server. start(); } // end of main } // end of class