2. II. Atoms, molecules, and cells A. Hierarchy of life B. Atoms and the importance of carbon C. Biomolecules: 1. carbohydrates 2. lipids and APOE 3. proteins 4. nucleic acids D. The cell theory E. Basic cell types 1. prokaryote cells 2. eukaryote cells a. nucleus b. mitochondria F. Cellular interactions 1. Cell surface and immunity: self recognition 2. Cell proteins and muscular dystrophies 3. Signal transduction 4. Cell adhesion G. The cell cycle H. DNA replication and mitosis

3. A. Hierarchy of life

4. B. Atoms and the importance of carbon

6. C. Biomolecules 1. carbohydrates monosaccharides disaccharides polysaccharides cellulose lactose Genes and carbos sucrose starch

7. 2. Lipids Saturated versus unsaturated Fats Steroids Fatty acids insoluble hydrophobic Lipids and genes precursor Cholesterol makes fat sticky

8. Blocked arteries (APO mus) atherosclerosis

9. Preventing heart disease Top 5 healthiest foods 1. Cold water fish 2. Beans and peas 3. Oatmeal 4. Soy products 5. Olive oil

10. 3. proteins keratin collagen fibrin hemoglobin Structural Enzymes Hormones Myosin and actin Behind every protein …

11. 3. proteins

12. amino acids

13. Lipoproteins and APO HDL/ LDL/ VLDL Butter, margarine, olive oil Lipoproteins APO: unload trucks Delivery trucks

14. GENE FOCUS: APOE GENE I. APO (apolipoprotein) family II. Fate of bacon and eggs A. Liver B. VLDL>LDL>HDL III. Job of APOE IV. APOE polymorphisms : E 2, E 3, E 4 A. Efficiency varies B. Population incidence of E 4 V. Alzheimer’s Disease A. chances B. possible jobs of APOE in brain C. test available 1. ethics 2. who should know? A, B, C, E APOE-fat APOB-cholesterol

15. B. Population incidence of E 4 low lowest moderately high most Genes and the environment

16. V. Alzheimer’s Disease No E4 = 20% chance of Alzheimer’s by 84 One E4 = 50% chance of Alzheimer’s by 75 Two E4 = 91% chance of Alzheimer’s by 68 Test available

17. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease Prions and spongiform encephalopathies PRP gene resistance Kuru

18. 4. nucleic acids DNA RNA

19. nucleotides Phosphate 5 carbon sugar (deoxyribose) Base: A, T, C, G

20. DNA structure and function

21. Self replication and genetic code The two jobs of DNA

22. DNA factoids

23. D.The cell theory 1. All living systems are made up of cells 2. All life’s functions are ultimately cellular 3. All cells come from preexisting cells Theory = well-documented,explanatory principle Characteristics of life mitosis

24. E. Basic cell types 1. prokaryote cells loopy Cell membrane plasmids fission

25. 2. eukaryote cells organelles

26. a. nucleus

27. Flow of information DNA to mRNA Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi body Export ribosomes

28. b. mitochondria ATP ribosomes enzymes DNA Typhus Carbos + O 2 >>>>> CO 2 + H 2 O Living examples Respiration:

29. F. Cellular interactions 1. Cell surface and immunity: self recognition antigens Auto immune disorders

30. 04.22 Signal Transduction Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Stimulus (first messenger) Light Chemical gradient Temperature change Toxin Hormone Growth factor ATP cAMP (second messenger) Responses MovementCell divisionSecretionMetabolic change Signal Receptor protein Regulator Enzyme

31. 4. Cell adhesion Epidermolysis Bullosa

32. H. Viruses 1. Infection 2. RNA viruses 3. HIV a. HIV structure b. HIV infection cycle c. HIV budding d. AIDS origin?

33. H. Viruses Infect more cells protein coat viral DNA or RNA Living or non-living? 1. Infection vectors Where do they come from?

34. 2. RNA Viruses HIVFlu Cold Ebola RNA viruses Retroviruses: Reverse transcription RNA >>> DNA Reverse transcriptase

35. 3. HIV/ AIDS

36. a. HIV structure HIV structure 2 strands RNA 3 enzymes Protein coat Lipid membrane HIV target cell? Helper T cells

37. b. HIV infection cycle CCR5 co-receptor Human resistance HIV keys to success

38. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Virus binds receptors on cell membrane, and enters cell. Enzymes remove proteins of viral capsid. 1 RT catalyzes formation of DNA complementary to viral RNA. 2 3 New DNA strand serves as a template for complementary DNA strand. 3 4 5 Double stranded DNA is incorporated into host cell’s genome. 4 Viral genes transcribed into mRNA. Some viral DNA copied as the RNA genome for virions. 5 mRNA translated into HIV proteins in cytoplasm. 6 Capsids surround new viral RNA genomes. 7 New viruses bud from host cell. 8 2 1 6 7 8 Chromosomal DNA Viral DNA DNA RNA-DNA hybrid Viral RNA Viral proteins RNA Nucleus Glycoprotein Capsid Reverse transcriptase (RT) RNA Viral envelope 50 nm Host cell 19.09 Replication of HIV Slide number: 1

39. 50 nm 19.09 Replication of HIV Slide number: 2 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

40. 19.09 Replication of HIV Slide number: 3 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 50 nm Capsid Glycoprotein Viral envelope Reverse transcriptase (RT) RNA

41. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 19.09 Replication of HIV Slide number: 4 Nucleus Host cell

42. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 19.09 Replication of HIV Slide number: 5 Nucleus Host cell

43. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 19.09 Replication of HIV Slide number: 6 Nucleus Host cell

44. Virus binds receptors on cell membrane, and enters cell. Enzymes remove proteins of viral capsid. 1 1 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 19.09 Replication of HIV Slide number: 7 Nucleus Host cell

45. Virus binds receptors on cell membrane, and enters cell. Enzymes remove proteins of viral capsid. 1 1 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 19.09 Replication of HIV Slide number: 8 Nucleus Host cell

46. Virus binds receptors on cell membrane, and enters cell. Enzymes remove proteins of viral capsid. 1 1 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 19.09 Replication of HIV Slide number: 9 Nucleus Host cell

47. Virus binds receptors on cell membrane, and enters cell. Enzymes remove proteins of viral capsid. 1 1 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 19.09 Replication of HIV Slide number: 10 Nucleus Host cell

48. Nucleus Host cell Virus binds receptors on cell membrane, and enters cell. Enzymes remove proteins of viral capsid. 1 1 Viral RNA Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 19.09 Replication of HIV Slide number: 11

49. Virus binds receptors on cell membrane, and enters cell. Enzymes remove proteins of viral capsid. 1 RT catalyzes formation of DNA complementary to viral RNA. 2 RNA-DNA hybrid 2 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 19.09 Replication of HIV Slide number: 12 Nucleus Host cell Viral RNA

50. RNA-DNA hybrid Nucleus Host cell Virus binds receptors on cell membrane, and enters cell. Enzymes remove proteins of viral capsid. 1 RT catalyzes formation of DNA complementary to viral RNA. 2 3 New DNA strand serves as a template for complementary DNA strand. 3 DNA Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 19.09 Replication of HIV Slide number: 13

51. Nucleus Host cell DNA Virus binds receptors on cell membrane, and enters cell. Enzymes remove proteins of viral capsid. 1 RT catalyzes formation of DNA complementary to viral RNA. 2 New DNA strand serves as a template for complementary DNA strand. 3 Double stranded DNA is incorporated into host cell’s genome. 4 4 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 19.09 Replication of HIV Slide number: 14

52. Nucleus Host cell Virus binds receptors on cell membrane, and enters cell. Enzymes remove proteins of viral capsid. 1 RT catalyzes formation of DNA complementary to viral RNA. 2 New DNA strand serves as a template for complementary DNA strand. 3 Double stranded DNA is incorporated into host cell’s genome. 4 4 Chromosomal DNA Viral DNA Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 19.09 Replication of HIV Slide number: 15

53. Nucleus Host cell Virus binds receptors on cell membrane, and enters cell. Enzymes remove proteins of viral capsid. 1 RT catalyzes formation of DNA complementary to viral RNA. 2 New DNA strand serves as a template for complementary DNA strand. 3 Double stranded DNA is incorporated into host cell’s genome. 4 5 Viral genes transcribed into mRNA. Some viral DNA copied as the RNA genome for virions. 5 RNA Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 19.09 Replication of HIV Slide number: 16

54. Nucleus Host cell Virus binds receptors on cell membrane, and enters cell. Enzymes remove proteins of viral capsid. 1 RT catalyzes formation of DNA complementary to viral RNA. 2 New DNA strand serves as a template for complementary DNA strand. 3 Double stranded DNA is incorporated into host cell’s genome. 4 Viral genes transcribed into mRNA. Some viral DNA copied as the RNA genome for virions. 5 mRNA translated into HIV proteins in cytoplasm. 6 6 Viral proteins Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 19.09 Replication of HIV Slide number: 17

55. Nucleus Host cell Virus binds receptors on cell membrane, and enters cell. Enzymes remove proteins of viral capsid. 1 RT catalyzes formation of DNA complementary to viral RNA. 2 New DNA strand serves as a template for complementary DNA strand. 3 Double stranded DNA is incorporated into host cell’s genome. 4 Viral genes transcribed into mRNA. Some viral DNA copied as the RNA genome for virions. 5 mRNA translated into HIV proteins in cytoplasm. 6 Viral proteins Capsids surround new viral RNA genomes. 7 7 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 19.09 Replication of HIV Slide number: 18

56. Nucleus Host cell Viral proteins Virus binds receptors on cell membrane, and enters cell. Enzymes remove proteins of viral capsid. 1 RT catalyzes formation of DNA complementary to viral RNA. 2 New DNA strand serves as a template for complementary DNA strand. 3 Double stranded DNA is incorporated into host cell’s genome. 4 Viral genes transcribed into mRNA. Some viral DNA copied as the RNA genome for virions. 5 mRNA translated into HIV proteins in cytoplasm. 6 Capsids surround new viral RNA genomes. 7 7 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 19.09 Replication of HIV Slide number: 19

57. Nucleus Host cell Virus binds receptors on cell membrane, and enters cell. Enzymes remove proteins of viral capsid. 1 RT catalyzes formation of DNA complementary to viral RNA. 2 New DNA strand serves as a template for complementary DNA strand. 3 Double stranded DNA is incorporated into host cell’s genome. 4 Viral genes transcribed into mRNA. Some viral DNA copied as the RNA genome for virions. 5 mRNA translated into HIV proteins in cytoplasm. 6 Capsids surround new viral RNA genomes. 7 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 19.09 Replication of HIV Slide number: 20

58. Nucleus Host cell Virus binds receptors on cell membrane, and enters cell. Enzymes remove proteins of viral capsid. 1 RT catalyzes formation of DNA complementary to viral RNA. 2 New DNA strand serves as a template for complementary DNA strand. 3 Double stranded DNA is incorporated into host cell’s genome. 4 Viral genes transcribed into mRNA. Some viral DNA copied as the RNA genome for virions. 5 mRNA translated into HIV proteins in cytoplasm. 6 Capsids surround new viral RNA genomes. 7 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 19.09 Replication of HIV Slide number: 21

59. Nucleus Host cell 8 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 19.09 Replication of HIV Slide number: 22 Virus binds receptors on cell membrane, and enters cell. Enzymes remove proteins of viral capsid. 1 RT catalyzes formation of DNA complementary to viral RNA. 2 New DNA strand serves as a template for complementary DNA strand. 3 Double stranded DNA is incorporated into host cell’s genome. 4 Viral genes transcribed into mRNA. Some viral DNA copied as the RNA genome for virions. 5 mRNA translated into HIV proteins in cytoplasm. 6 Capsids surround new viral RNA genomes. 7 New viruses bud from host cell. 8

60. Nucleus Host cell 8 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 19.09 Replication of HIV Slide number: 23 Virus binds receptors on cell membrane, and enters cell. Enzymes remove proteins of viral capsid. 1 RT catalyzes formation of DNA complementary to viral RNA. 2 New DNA strand serves as a template for complementary DNA strand. 3 Double stranded DNA is incorporated into host cell’s genome. 4 Viral genes transcribed into mRNA. Some viral DNA copied as the RNA genome for virions. 5 mRNA translated into HIV proteins in cytoplasm. 6 Capsids surround new viral RNA genomes. 7 New viruses bud from host cell. 8

61. Nucleus Host cell Virus binds receptors on cell membrane, and enters cell. Enzymes remove proteins of viral capsid. 1 RT catalyzes formation of DNA complementary to viral RNA. 2 New DNA strand serves as a template for complementary DNA strand. 3 Double stranded DNA is incorporated into host cell’s genome. 4 Viral genes transcribed into mRNA. Some viral DNA copied as the RNA genome for virions. 5 mRNA translated into HIV proteins in cytoplasm. 6 Capsids surround new viral RNA genomes. 7 New viruses bud from host cell. 8 8 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 19.09 Replication of HIV Slide number: 24

62. Nucleus Host cell 8 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 19.09 Replication of HIV Slide number: 25 Virus binds receptors on cell membrane, and enters cell. Enzymes remove proteins of viral capsid. 1 RT catalyzes formation of DNA complementary to viral RNA. 2 New DNA strand serves as a template for complementary DNA strand. 3 Double stranded DNA is incorporated into host cell’s genome. 4 Viral genes transcribed into mRNA. Some viral DNA copied as the RNA genome for virions. 5 mRNA translated into HIV proteins in cytoplasm. 6 Capsids surround new viral RNA genomes. 7 New viruses bud from host cell. 8

63. Nucleus Host cell 8 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 19.09 Replication of HIV Slide number: 26 Virus binds receptors on cell membrane, and enters cell. Enzymes remove proteins of viral capsid. 1 RT catalyzes formation of DNA complementary to viral RNA. 2 New DNA strand serves as a template for complementary DNA strand. 3 Double stranded DNA is incorporated into host cell’s genome. 4 Viral genes transcribed into mRNA. Some viral DNA copied as the RNA genome for virions. 5 mRNA translated into HIV proteins in cytoplasm. 6 Capsids surround new viral RNA genomes. 7 New viruses bud from host cell. 8

64. Nucleus Host cell Virus binds receptors on cell membrane, and enters cell. Enzymes remove proteins of viral capsid. 1 RT catalyzes formation of DNA complementary to viral RNA. 2 New DNA strand serves as a template for complementary DNA strand. 3 Double stranded DNA is incorporated into host cell’s genome. 4 Viral genes transcribed into mRNA. Some viral DNA copied as the RNA genome for virions. 5 mRNA translated into HIV proteins in cytoplasm. 6 Capsids surround new viral RNA genomes. 7 New viruses bud from host cell. 8 8 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 19.09 Replication of HIV Slide number: 27

65. Nucleus Host cell 8 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 19.09 Replication of HIV Slide number: 28 Virus binds receptors on cell membrane, and enters cell. Enzymes remove proteins of viral capsid. 1 RT catalyzes formation of DNA complementary to viral RNA. 2 New DNA strand serves as a template for complementary DNA strand. 3 Double stranded DNA is incorporated into host cell’s genome. 4 Viral genes transcribed into mRNA. Some viral DNA copied as the RNA genome for virions. 5 mRNA translated into HIV proteins in cytoplasm. 6 Capsids surround new viral RNA genomes. 7 New viruses bud from host cell. 8

66. Nucleus Host cell Virus binds receptors on cell membrane, and enters cell. Enzymes remove proteins of viral capsid. 1 RT catalyzes formation of DNA complementary to viral RNA. 2 New DNA strand serves as a template for complementary DNA strand. 3 Double stranded DNA is incorporated into host cell’s genome. 4 Viral genes transcribed into mRNA. Some viral DNA copied as the RNA genome for virions. 5 mRNA translated into HIV proteins in cytoplasm. 6 Capsids surround new viral RNA genomes. 7 New viruses bud from host cell. 8 8 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 19.09 Replication of HIV Slide number: 29

67. Nucleus Host cell Virus binds receptors on cell membrane, and enters cell. Enzymes remove proteins of viral capsid. 1 RT catalyzes formation of DNA complementary to viral RNA. 2 New DNA strand serves as a template for complementary DNA strand. 3 Double stranded DNA is incorporated into host cell’s genome. 4 Viral genes transcribed into mRNA. Some viral DNA copied as the RNA genome for virions. 5 mRNA translated into HIV proteins in cytoplasm. 6 Capsids surround new viral RNA genomes. 7 New viruses bud from host cell. 8 8 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 19.09 Replication of HIV Slide number: 30

68. c. HIV budding

69. polio virus HIV d. HIV/AIDS: origin? SIV

70. AZT Thabo Mbeki d. AIDS: origin?

71. The end