1. Recreation Specialization and Gender: A Comparison of Massachusetts Freshwater Anglers Laura E. Anderson David K. Loomis Human Dimensions Research Unit Department of Natural Resources Conservation University of Massachusetts Amherst, Massachusetts 01003 18 th Northeastern Recreation Research Symposium April 10, 2006

2. Issue Traditional fisheries management: male and resource oriented Traditional fisheries management: male and resource oriented Focus on biological and economic goals Focus on biological and economic goals Expert-client approach (i.e., “clients”= men) Expert-client approach (i.e., “clients”= men) Recent emphasis on using Human Dimensions research Recent emphasis on using Human Dimensions research Identify and understand stakeholders Identify and understand stakeholders Segment resource users into meaningful groups Segment resource users into meaningful groups Recreation Specialization Recreation Specialization Segment users by skills, equipment, participation frequency Segment users by skills, equipment, participation frequency Women in recreational fishing Women in recreational fishing A minority in the activity, less studied than men A minority in the activity, less studied than men May experience the activity differently May experience the activity differently

3. Recreation Specialization Defined using social worlds literature (Ditton et al., 1992) : Defined using social worlds literature (Ditton et al., 1992) : “a process by which recreation social worlds and subworlds segment and intersect into new recreation subworlds, and the subsequent ordered arrangement of these subworlds and their members along a continuum” “a process by which recreation social worlds and subworlds segment and intersect into new recreation subworlds, and the subsequent ordered arrangement of these subworlds and their members along a continuum” Specialization Index Development (Salz et al., 2001) Specialization Index Development (Salz et al., 2001) Social Subworlds Literature (Unruh, 1979) Social Subworlds Literature (Unruh, 1979) orientation, experiences, relationships, and commitment orientation, experiences, relationships, and commitment

4. Recreation Specialization Four propositions from Ditton et al. (1992) considered here: Four propositions from Ditton et al. (1992) considered here: As specialization increases, As specialization increases, 1)participation frequency will likely increase 2)acceptance and support for rules, norms and procedures will likely increase 3)the value of side-bets will likely increase 4)importance of activity-specific elements will decrease relative to non activity-specific elements

5. Gender Males predominate in recreational fishing Males predominate in recreational fishing In U.S.: 74% male (DOI, 2001, p. 15) In U.S.: 74% male (DOI, 2001, p. 15) Leisure quantity and quality (Mattingly and Bianchi, 2003) Leisure quantity and quality (Mattingly and Bianchi, 2003) Contaminated leisure Contaminated leisure Interrupted leisure Interrupted leisure Impact of children Impact of children Gender constraints Gender constraints Ethic of care (Jackson and Scott, 1999) Ethic of care (Jackson and Scott, 1999) 76 cent income gap (U.S. Census, 2005) 76 cent income gap (U.S. Census, 2005) Social isolation and skill (Jackson and Henderson, 1995) Social isolation and skill (Jackson and Henderson, 1995) Social norms and expectations Social norms and expectations Women may be less specialized in recreational fishing Women may be less specialized in recreational fishing

6. Hypotheses Specialization distribution: Specialization distribution: Ha1: Male anglers will be more highly specialized than female anglers Ha1: Male anglers will be more highly specialized than female anglers Fishing frequency: Fishing frequency: Ha2: High-specialization and male anglers will have a greater frequency of participation than will low-specialization and female anglers Ha2: High-specialization and male anglers will have a greater frequency of participation than will low-specialization and female anglers Management items: Management items: Ha3: High-specialization and male anglers will have greater support for various management tools and regulations than will low-specialization and female anglers Ha3: High-specialization and male anglers will have greater support for various management tools and regulations than will low-specialization and female anglers

7. Hypotheses Side bet items: Side bet items: Ha4: High-specialization and male anglers will have generated a greater value of side-bets than will low-specialization and female anglers Ha4: High-specialization and male anglers will have generated a greater value of side-bets than will low-specialization and female anglers Activity-specific elements: Activity-specific elements: Ha5: High-specialization and male anglers will attach less importance to activity-specific elements of the fishing experience than will low- specialization and female anglers Ha5: High-specialization and male anglers will attach less importance to activity-specific elements of the fishing experience than will low- specialization and female anglers Non activity-specific elements: Non activity-specific elements: Ha6: High-specialization and male anglers will attach more importance to non activity-specific elements of the fishing experience than will low-specialization and female anglers Ha6: High-specialization and male anglers will attach more importance to non activity-specific elements of the fishing experience than will low-specialization and female anglers

8. Methods Data Collection Data Collection 1998 survey of 2,930 Massachusetts freshwater anglers 1998 survey of 2,930 Massachusetts freshwater anglers mail questionnaire using Salant and Dillman Total Design Method mail questionnaire using Salant and Dillman Total Design Method Specialization Index (Salz et al., 2001) Specialization Index (Salz et al., 2001) four specialization levels four specialization levels Initial sample………………………………..2,930-- Initial sample………………………………..2,930-- Mortality………..…………………………….344-- Mortality………..…………………………….344-- Effective sample………..…………………..2,586 100.0 Effective sample………..…………………..2,586 100.0 Nonresponse………..………………………1,17545.4 Nonresponse………..………………………1,17545.4 Useable returned surveys………...………….1,41154.6 Useable returned surveys………...………….1,41154.6 Response Rate N %

9. Methods Sample Sample Useable returned surveys………...………………..1,411 54.6 Total females……….………………………………151 10.7 Total males……………………………………….1,238 87.7 Selected females and males and specialization level indicated specialization level indicated (level 2, 3, or 4)……………………………………281 19.9 (level 2, 3, or 4)……………………………………281 19.9Females………………................136Males………………....................145 N % N % Data Analysis Data Analysis Chi square test for differences in specialization level distribution between male and female anglers Chi square test for differences in specialization level distribution between male and female anglers Two way ANOVA using “gender” and “specialization level” as factors Two way ANOVA using “gender” and “specialization level” as factors 0.10 level of significance (Gregoire and Driver, 1987) 0.10 level of significance (Gregoire and Driver, 1987)

10. Hypotheses Testing: Ha1 X 2 = 0.020

11. Hypotheses Testing: Ha 2 Frequency of Participation Years fishing…….………………...21.9227.2026.87 2.3330.099 Days fishing..……………………...15.0733.6250.7523.4760.000 ItemsLowMediumHighFp Level of specialization Gender Years fishing…….………………...29.24520.39515.6440.000 Days fishing..……………………...36.45021.1017.5010.007 Items Men Women F p

12. Hypotheses Testing: Ha3 Management Items Level of specialization Level of specialization Minimum size limit………………...4.0284.0264.5895.3290.005 _______________________________________________________________ Maximum size……………………...3.4673.6503.8392.0050.137 Creel limit…………………………..4.1434.1984.5001.8600.158 Slot limit……………………………3.2353.2413.5271.3140.271 Stock native fish……………………4.2434.3024.4551.4810.229 Mandatory catch and release……… 3.1243.2843.4290.8130.445 Prohibit use of certain gear ………..3.6213.5733.7860.5890.556 No stocking allowed………………..3.7243.6293.8210.4700.625 Stock non-native fish………………2.9333.0173.1090.5370.585 Voluntary catch and release ……….4.0284.0774.1250.2470.781 Restricted fishing area……………..3.3943.4223.3040.1510.860 ItemsLowMediumHighFp

13. Hypotheses Testing: Ha3 Management Items Gender Gender Restricted fishing area……………………3.1353.6289.3080.003 ___________________________________________________________ Mandatory catch and release …………...3.3583.1421.4080.236 Creel limit……………………………….4.2774.1611.2860.258 Prohibit use of certain gear……………..3.5503.6851.0300.311 Stock non-native fish……………………3.0482.9380.0100.920 Stock native fish………………………...4.3204.2670.0310.861 Minimum size limit……………………..4.1764.1000.1160.734 Voluntary catch and release ……………4.0474.0870.1610.689 No stocking allowed…………………….3.7053.6730.0030.958 Maximum size…………………………..3.6043.6240.0530.818 Slot limit………………………………...3.2953.2930.1670.683 ItemsMenWomenFp

14. Hypotheses Testing: Ha 4 Side Bet Items Level of specialization Level of specialization Replace reels……………….……...103.98 252.92 380.3710.9580.000 Replace rods ……………………...103.29 312.24 488.6110.5600.000 Replace tackle……………………..117.28 333.55 510.289.6120.000 ________________________________________________________________ Replace electronic equipment…….. 233.12 592.22 710.501.3100.276 Gender Gender Replace reels……………….……… 251.03181.282.4230.121 Replace tackle………………………307.93255.660.3790.538 Replace rods ……………………….272.79257.420.0890.766 Replace electronic equipment………567.95490.950.0000.992 ItemsLowMediumHighFp Items Men Women Fp

15. Hypotheses Testing: Ha5 Activity-specific Items Level of specialization For the sport of fishing, not to obtain food to eat ……………..3.4433.7634.2506.5550.002 For the experience of the catch…….3.4913.8214.1966.1800.002 A fishing trip can be successful even if no fish are caught………...3.7853.8034.1963.7460.025** _______________________________________________________________ I’m just as happy if I release the fish I catch……………………4.0854.1284.4462.0320.133 the fish I catch……………………4.0854.1284.4462.0320.133 I’m just as happy if I don’t keep the fish I catch……………………4.0094.1624.339 1.7680.173 the fish I catch……………………4.0094.1624.339 1.7680.173 When I go fishing, I’m just as happy if I don’t catch a fish ……..3.1053.1973.3752.0400.132 To obtain fish for eating, and not for sport………………….1.6511.5001.6430.7380.479 ItemsLowMediumHighFp

16. Hypotheses Testing: Ha5 Activity-specific Items When I go fishing, I’m just as happy if I don’t catch a fish ………….2.9873.43011.7330.001 A fishing trip can be successful even if no fish are caught …………….3.6674.0536.5440.011** For the experience of the catch………….3.9333.5233.8440.051 _____________________________________________________________________________________ To obtain fish for eating, and not for sport ……………………...1.5171.5961.4880.224 For the sport of fishing, not to obtain food to eat ………………….3.8333.5560.9520.330 I’m just as happy if I don’t keep the fish I catch …………………4.1814.0800.8490.358 I’m just as happy if I release the fish I catch ……………………….4.1594.1820.0540.816 ItemsMen WomenFp Gender

17. Hypotheses Testing: Ha6 Non Activity-specific Items Level of specialization To experience adventure and excitement ………………….3.5093.8904.0715.6170.004 To be close to the water …………...3.6063.7184.1073.8450.023 To experience natural surroundings …………………….4.2714.2484.5893.2230.041 To experience new and different things ………………….3.0193.1193.4914.0810.018 _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ To be outdoors……………………..4.2804.2224.5361.8710.156 For family recreation……………….3.6543.3623.2861.2800.280 To get away from the demands of other people ………...3.6763.5043.9461.7030.184 To be with friends………………….3.3743.2413.5641.2100.300 To get away from the regular routine …………………..3.9153.9414.1450.7150.490 For relaxation………………………4.3854.3144.4640.5040.605 ItemsLowMediumHighFp

18. Hypotheses Testing: Ha6 Non Activity-specific Items Gender For family recreation……………………3.1973.7006.0700.014 To experience new and different things ……………………….3.0143.2274.3120.039 ____________________________________________________________ To be close to the water ………………...3.6493.8001.8460.175 To be with friends……………………….3.2303.4001.7100.192 To experience natural surroundings ……4.2194.3801.4450.230 To get away from the demands of other people ……………..3.5343.7221.0180.314 To get away from the regular routine …..3.8604.0330.9680.326 For relaxation…………………………...4.2804.3690.6530.420 To be outdoors…………………………..4.2194.3560.3220.571 To experience adventure and excitement ……………………….3.7803.7150.2770.599 ItemsMenWomenFp

19. Discussion and Conclusions Women comprise a small percentage of Massachusetts freshwater anglers Women comprise a small percentage of Massachusetts freshwater anglers 10% of survey sample 10% of survey sample Social norms and expectations? Social norms and expectations? Other constraints (leisure quantity and quality, ethic of care) Other constraints (leisure quantity and quality, ethic of care) Recreation specialization somewhat supported Recreation specialization somewhat supported Propositions strongly supported in Salz et al. (2001) Propositions strongly supported in Salz et al. (2001) Limitations of smaller sample size; reduced power Limitations of smaller sample size; reduced power Means generally varied in expected direction Means generally varied in expected direction Men rated more highly on Specialization Index than women Men rated more highly on Specialization Index than women However, few differences found on items tested However, few differences found on items tested

20. Discussion and Conclusions Differences found between female and male anglers: Differences found between female and male anglers: As expected: As expected: Participation Frequency Participation Frequency Men fished an average of 15 days more per year than women Men fished an average of 15 days more per year than women Men fished an average of 9 years longer than women Men fished an average of 9 years longer than women Men considered experience of catch more important Men considered experience of catch more important Not as expected: Not as expected: Women placed less importance on catching fish than men Women placed less importance on catching fish than men Family recreation and experiencing new and different things more important to women Family recreation and experiencing new and different things more important to women Women more supportive of restricted fishing area Women more supportive of restricted fishing area

21. Conclusions Men rated more highly on Specialization Index than women, Men rated more highly on Specialization Index than women, …yet women varied little in motivations, management support, and side-bets compared to men …yet women varied little in motivations, management support, and side-bets compared to men  Clear difference in participation frequency and years of participation  Exploratory analysis suggests more study of gender and specialization needed