2. 1 Chapter 3: Atoms & Elements Mixtures & Pure Substances Elements & Symbols The Periodic Table Atomic Structure Isotopes Electron Energy Levels

3. 2 stuff The stuff things are made of. Mass Has Mass and takes up space. (Air, water, rocks, etc..) Matter amount The amount of stuff (in g’s) ( Bowling Ball > Balloon) Weight Weight on earth. Pull of Gravity on matter.

4. 3 Classification of matter Matter Pure Substance MixtureElementCompound Fe FeS MgMgO Mg + O 2 Fe + S

5. 4 Pizza Mixture Homogeneous (Solution) (Solution)Heterogeneous Fe + S Mixtures Non-uniform compositionNon-uniform compositionNon-uniform compositionNon-uniform composition Uniform composition Air Urine Gasoline Sand Tea w/ice

6. 5 VIIIA Each element is assigned a unique symbol 1-2 letters; 1st is capitalized Atomic Symbols Bromine Nickel Hydrogen Nitrogen Aluminum

7. 6 Copper (Cuprum)Cu Gold (Aurum)Au Iron (Ferrum)Fe Lead (Plumbum)Pb Mercury (Hydrargyrum)Hg Potassium (Kalium)K Silver (Argentum)Ag Sodium (Natrium)Na Tin (Stannum)Sn Tungsten (Wolfram)W Atomic Symbols Some of the elements whose symbols are derived from other languages

8. 7 VIIIA Elements with same starting letter, get second letter added to the symbol Chlorine Chromium Calcium Carbon Cobalt Copper (Cu) Atomic Symbols B

9. 8 Periodic Table: Groups (Families) H Li Na Cs Rb K TlHgAuHfLsBa Fr PtIrOsReWTa He RnAtPoBiPb Be Mg Sr Ca CdAgZrYPdRhRuTcMoNb AcRa ZnCuTiScNiCoFeMnCrV InXeITeSbSn GaKrBrSeAsGe AlArClSPSi BNeFONC I A III B IVB V B VIB VIIB VIII B IB IIB Gd Cm Tb Bk Sm Pu Eu Am Nd U Pm Np Ce Th Pr Pa Yb No Lu Lr Er Fm Tm Md Dy Cf Ho Es Alkali Metals (exclude H) Alkaline Earth Metals HalogensHalogens Noble (Inert) gases III A IV A V A VI A VIIA VIIIA II A Transition Metals

10. 9 He Rn XeI KrBrSe ArClS NeFO P NC H Li Na Cs Rb K TlHgAuHfLsBa Fr PtIrOsReWTaPoBiPb Be Mg Sr Ca CdAgZrYPdRhRuTcMoNb AcRa ZnCuTiScNiCoFeMnCrV InSbSn GaGe Al Gd Cm Tb Bk Sm Pu Eu Am Nd U Pm Np Ce Th Pr Pa Yb No Lu Lr Er Fm Tm Md Dy Cf Ho Es At Te As Si B 12345671234567 Periods are assigned numbers Periods are assigned numbers Periodic Table: Periods

11. 10 At Te As Si B He Rn Xe I KrBrSe ArClS NeFO P NC H Li Na Cs Rb K TlHgAuHfLsBa Fr PtIrOsReWTaPoBiPb Be Mg Sr Ca CdAgZrYPdRhRuTcMoNb AcRa ZnCuTiScNi Co FeMnCrV InSbSn GaGe Al Gd Cm Tb Bk Sm Pu Eu Am Nd U Pm Np Ce Th Pr Pa Yb No Lu Lr Er Fm Tm Md Dy Cf Ho Es MetalsMetals Lustrous, malleable and ductile. Conductors (heat & electricity) Solids at room temp (except Hg) Lose electrons to non-metals. Lustrous, malleable and ductile. Conductors (heat & electricity) Solids at room temp (except Hg) Lose electrons to non-metals.

12. 11 He Rn XeI KrBrSe ArClS NeFO P NC H Li Na Cs Rb K TlHgAuHfLsBa Fr PtIrOsReWTaPoBiPb Be Mg Sr Ca CdAgZrYPdRhRuTcMoNb AcRa ZnCuTiScNiCoFeMnCrV InSbSn GaGe Al Gd Cm Tb Bk Sm Pu Eu Am Nd U Pm Np Ce Th Pr Pa Yb No Lu Lr Er Fm Tm Md Dy Cf Ho Es At Te As Si B Non-metalsNon-metals Gasliquidsolid (dull, brittle) Gas, liquid, solid (dull, brittle) Poor conductors = Insulators Many are diatomic molecules. Gain e’s from metals Share e’s with other non-metals Gasliquidsolid (dull, brittle) Gas, liquid, solid (dull, brittle) Poor conductors = Insulators Many are diatomic molecules. Gain e’s from metals Share e’s with other non-metals

13. 12 He Rn Xe I KrBrSe ArClS NeFO P NC H Li Na Cs Rb K TlHgAuHfLsBa Fr PtIrOsReWTaPoBiPb Be Mg Sr Ca CdAgZrYPdRhRuTcMoNb AcRa ZnCuTiScNiCoFeMnCrV InSbSn GaGe Al Gd Cm Tb Bk Sm Pu Eu Am Nd U Pm Np Ce Th Pr Pa Yb No Lu Lr Er Fm Tm Md Dy Cf Ho Es At Te As Si B MetalloidsMetalloids Intermediate properties Semi conductors Intermediate properties Semi conductors

14. 13 H Li Na Cs Rb K TlHgAuHfLsBa Fr PtIrOsReWTaPoBiPb Be Mg Sr Ca CdAgZrYPdRhRuTcMoNb AcRa ZnCuTiScNi Co FeMnCrV InSn Ga Al Gd Cm Tb Bk Sm Pu Eu Am Nd U Pm Np Ce Th Pr Pa Yb No Lu Lr Er Fm Tm Md Dy Cf Ho Es He Rn XeI KrBrSe ArClS NeFO P NC Sb Ge At Te As Si B MetalloidsMetalloids MetalsMetals Non-metalsNon-metals

15. 14 A model of matter Atom Atom - The smallest unit of an element that is still that element. Molecule Molecule -The smallest unit of a pure substance that is still that substance. May contain > 1 atom or element May contain > 1 atom or element. ie. Aluminum (Al) ie. Water (H 2 O)

16. 15 & neutrons Structure of the atom Nucleus = + Small, dense, + charge in the center of an atom. containsprotons+ + + + + +

17. 16 Structure of the atom Nucleus Electrons - - charged particles that surround the nucleus. Electrons nucleusorbitals Electrons move around nucleus in orbitals.

18. 17 Structure of the atom nucleus The nucleus is a small part of an atom. If the nucleus was the size of a marble, the atom would fill a football stadium. The nucleus would weigh over 10,000 tons.

19. 18 The atomic symbol X A Z A A = Mass number (amu) # protons + # neutrons = # protons + # neutrons Z Z = Atomic number # protons# electrons = # protons = # electrons + + + + ++ - - - - - -

20. 19 The atomic symbol X 12 6 A A = Mass number # protons + # neutrons = # protons + # neutrons Z Z = Atomic number # protons# electrons = # protons = # electrons + + + + ++ - - - - - - 6 6

21. 20 The atomic symbol C 12 6 A A = Mass number # protons + # neutrons = # protons + # neutrons Z Z = Atomic number # protons# electrons = # protons = # electrons + + + + ++ - - - - - -

22. 21 The atomic symbol Na 23 11 A A = Mass # = p + n = 23 Z Z = Atomic # = p = 11 Sodium

23. 22 Ag 107.87 Silver 47 Atomic number Name of the element Elemental Symbol Atomic mass (weight) Atomic weightaverage Atomic weight = The average, relative mass of an atom in an element. Why is the atomic weight on the tables not a whole #?

24. 23 Isotopes of Hydrogen Isotopes = Isotopes = Atoms of the same element but having different masses. 1111 2121 3131 + H H H + - + - Protium99.99% Deuterium0.01% Tritium Trace % -

25. 24 Isotopes of Hydrogen Isotopes = Isotopes = Atoms of the same element but having different masses. 1111 2121 3131 + H H H - + - + - Average Atomic weight Average Atomic weight of Hydrogen 1.00794 amu = 1.00794 amu H-1 or Hydrogen-1 H-2 or Hydrogen-2 H-3 or Hydrogen-3

26. 25 + + + + ++ Isotopes of Carbon - Average Atomic weight12.011 amu Average Atomic weight of C= 12.011 amu 98.89% C 6 12 C 6 13 C 6 14 + + + + ++ - 1.11% + + + + ++ - Trace % - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - C-12 or Carbon-12 C-13 or Carbon-13 C-14 or Carbon-14

27. 26 Radioactive Isotopes C 6 14 + + + + ++ - - - - - - 3131 + H - Nucleus is unstable So falls apart (decays) Giving radioactive particles

28. 27 The atomic symbol & isotopes Determine the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in each of the following. P 3115 Ba 138 56 56 U 238 92 92

29. 28 Atomic Structure Symbol At# Mass P N e – ____ ____ ____ 4 5 ___ Cl ____ 37 ___ ___ ___ Si ____ ____ ___ 14 ___ Be4 94 17 1720 17 14 281414

30. 29 Electron arrangement 2 8 18 32 Electrons fill layers around nucleus Low  High Electrons fill layers around nucleus Low  High Shells = Energy levels 2412 Mg A new layer is added for each row or period in the table. A new layer is added for each row or period in the table.

31. 3011H 73Li 42He IA IIA 94Be

32. 31115B 11H 73Li IA IIA IIIA 94Be

33. 32115B 126C 137N IIIA IVA VA

34. 3311H 73Li 42He 94Be 2010Ne 2311 Na 2412 Mg 4018 Ar IA IIA VIIIA

35. 34 33 2412 Mg 11H 73Li 2311 Na 94Be 115B 2713 Al Valence electrons Where most chemical Reactions occur.1122 Inner electrons Inner electrons: No reactions if normal conditions.

36. 35 Inner vs. valence electrons Valence electrons This is where most chemical reactions occur. Inner electrons Not much happens here under normal conditions. With added energy inner electrons jump to higher levels, then fall back giving E higher levels, then fall back giving E

37. 3611H 73Li 42He 94Be 2010Ne 2311 Na 2412 Mg 4018 Ar 881122

38. 3711H 73Li 2311 Na Lewis Structures Show only Valence Electrons H Li Na K