1. MOBILE POWER SOURCES TEAM 7

2. INTRODUCTION Chemical Batteries Mechanical Energy Wireless Energy Butane Energy

3. HOW A BATTERY WORKS http://videos.howstuffworks.com/science/battery-videos-playlist.htm#video-29391

4. CHEMICAL BATTERIES Nickel Cadmium  NiCd Nickel Metal Hydride  NiMH Lithium Ion  Li-Ion Lithium Polymer  LiPo

5. NICKEL CADMIUM Nickel oxyhydroxide for positive electrode Metallic Cadmium for negative electrode 1.2 volts per cell 70-90% discharge Self discharge approx. 10%/month Rechargeable  Memory Effect  2000 cycles

6. NICKEL METAL HYDRIDE Similar to NiCd  Uses nickel oxyhydroxide for positive electrode  Hydrogen absorbing alloy for negative electrode 1.2 volts per cell 66% charge/discharge efficiency 1-2% per month self discharge Rechargeable  500-1000 cycles  Memory Effect

7. LITHIUM ION No Memory Effect  Lithium Ions move from negative electrode to positive electrode during discharge and back during charge 3.6 volts per cell 400-1200 cycles 80-90% charge/discharge efficency 8-31% self discharge (temperature dependent) Lightweight

8. LITHIUM POLYMER Still a lithium ion battery with different guts  Lithium salt electrolyte is held in solid polymer instead of organic solvent 99.8% charge/discharge efficiency 5% per month self discharge rate 1000 or more cycles 24-36 month durability

9. FUTURE MECHANICAL BATTERIES Nanogenerators Plastic Supercapacitor Extending battery life

10. NANOGENERATORS Georgia Institute of Technology  Dr. Zhong Lin Wang Small movements to generate power  Device able to power LCD screens and power radio signals Devices powered by body movement 5 years

11. NANOGENERATORS Zinc oxide nanowires Peizoelectric effect 5 nano-generators http://gtresearchnews.gatech.edu/podcast/power-shirt.mov

12. NANOGENERATORS Advantages  Powered by body movements  Small  No batteries or electrical outlets Disadvantages  Sensitive to moisture

13. PLASTIC SUPERCAPACITOR Plastic supercapacitor  Imperial College London & Volvo  Plastic able to store electric charge  Like traditional battery  Greener  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jZ7A51h6cwU&feat ure=player_embedded http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jZ7A51h6cwU&feat ure=player_embedded

14. PLASTIC SUPERCAPACITOR Advantages  Green  Wearable  Longer lasting with little degradation  Small and conformable Disadvantages  Concept idea  Not fully tested yet

15. EXTENDING BATTERY LIFE Present flash memory  Bits stored as charges  Slow  High programming voltages Future flash memory  University of Illinois Engineers  Ultra low-power digital memory

16. EXTENDING BATTERY LIFE Phase-Change Material(PCM)  Alternative to current flash memory  Bit stored in resistance  Switchable  Carbon nanotube  Small size  Nanoscale contacts

17. EXTENDING BATTERY LIFE Advantages  Faster  Not susceptible to degradation  Immune to accidental erasure  Low power consumption  Small  No batteries or outlets needed Disadvantages  Cost disadvantage compared to regular flash  Sensitive to temperature to perform well

18. THE TESLA EFFECT

19. WHAT IS THE TESLA EFFECT? The transmission of electrical energy from a power source to an electrical load without interconnecting wires First demonstrated in 1891

20. HOW DOES IT WORK? Built on the principal of resonant coupling Electromagnetic field http://singularityhub.com/2009/06/30/the-wireless-future-of- energy-tranfer/

21. LIMITATIONS The size Range Efficiency Cost www.techberth.com/2011/04/wireless-resonant-energy/&usg

22. PRODUCTS OUT TODAY Powermat Duracell MyGrid Energizer Inductive Charger

23. THE FUTURE! No more wires cluttering areas No more outlets in the wall All devices will be charged/charging without the needing to be plugged in

24. BUTANE POWER CELL Company history Reasons for using the cell Technology concerns Technical information/operation The future of the company and product

25. COMPANY HISTORY Silicon Power Cell Lilliputian Systems Inc  Founded by former MIT students in 2002 $50 billion portable power market Raised over $90 million in venture capital funding

26. TECHNOLOGY CONCERNS Why consider butane power cells?  Incremental growth in the lithium industry Technology Concerns  Environmentally friendly  Approved for aircraft  Improved volumetric density  Improved gravimetric energy density Cost  $99 for the power cell  $2 for replacement cartridges

27. BUTANE POWER CELL PROTOTYPE

28. TECHNICAL INFORMATION Proton-Exchange Membrane vs Solid Oxide Why the butane market is almost non-existent  Temperature!

29. FUTURE OF THE BUTANE POWER CELL Future of Lilliputian Systems Partnership with Intel to manufacture wafers Intel’s equity stake

30. CONCLUSION

31. SOURCES http://news.illinois.edu/news/11/0310batteries_EricPop.html http://www.physorg.com/news/2011-03-technology-battery-life-mobile-devices.html http://gtresearchnews.gatech.edu/newsrelease/power-shirt.htm http://www.foxnews.com/scitech/2011/03/30/future-iphones-charged-heartbeat- experts-say/ http://www.themobileindian.com/news/908_Future-perfect:-battery-less-mobile- phones http://www.bit-tech.net/news/bits/2010/02/08/supercapacitor-promises-end-to- batteries/1 http://hothardware.com/News/The-Death-Of-The-Battery-Is-Upon-Us-Plastic- Supercapacitor-Could-Recharge-Gizmos/ http://www.talk2myshirt.com/blog/archives/3643 http://www.lilliputiansystemsinc.com/

32. SOURCES CONT. Winter, M.; Brodd, J. (2004). "What Are Batteries, Fuel Cells, and Supercapacitors?" (PDF). Chemical Review 104 (104): 4245. doi:10.1021/cr020730k. Retrieved 2010-07-25."What Are Batteries, Fuel Cells, and Supercapacitors?"doi10.1021/cr020730k Toshiba (2007-12-11). "Toshiba to Launch Innovative Rechargeable Battery Business". Press release. Retrieved 2009-06-25."Toshiba to Launch Innovative Rechargeable Battery Business" http://www.powerstream.com/NiCd.htm http://www.powerstream.com/NiMH.htm