1. 37th John Player Memorial Lecture Design of strong, tough & affordable engineering alloys

2. Fe Ru Os Hs 6d 2s

3. ferrite  austenite 

4. DISPLACIVE RECONSTRUCTIVE

5. c r  s 1

6. Surface 1 Surface 2 Srinivasan & Wayman, 1968 50 µm

10. UPPER BAINITE (High Temperature) LOWER BAINITE (Low Temperature) Carbon supersaturated plate Carbon diffusion into austenite Carbon diffusion into austenite and carbide precipitation in ferrite Carbide precipitation from austenite

11. 500400300 0 1 2 Temperature / °C Decarburistion time / s Fe-0.4C wt%

13. Ae3' T' o x Carbon in austenite Temperature

16. UPPER BAINITE (High Temperature) LOWER BAINITE (Low Temperature) Carbon supersaturated plate Carbon diffusion into austenite Carbon diffusion into austenite and carbide precipitation in ferrite Carbide precipitation from austenite

17. 0.2 µm

18. with carbides

19. 1 µm

20. Carbide-free alloys wt %

21. Very poor toughness!

22. 50 µm

24. T-zero curves

25. 50 µm

27. 0.4C-3Mn-2Si 0.4C-4Ni -2Si 0.2C-3Mn-2Si Impact Energy 2001000-100-200 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Test temperature / °C

29. 120010008006004002000 Pearlite Martensite Bainite kilocycles to Crack Initiation Yates, Jerath

34. Advances in carbide-free bainitic steels 2500200015001000 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 Ultimate tensile strength / MPa Fracture toughness / MPa √m 18 wt% Ni maraging steel QT

35. an apple weighs 1 Newton 1 m = 1 Pa

37. Scifer, 5.5 GPa with ductility! Kobe Steel

38. Atom probe image of Scifer, 5.5 GPa steel wire Bhadeshia and Harada, 1993

39. 1 Denier: weight in grams, of 9 km of fibre 10 Denier Scifer is 9 Denier

41. 200 °C for 20 days 2.5 GPa Caballero, Mateo & Bhadeshia

42. Advances in carbide-free bainitic steels 2500200015001000 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 Ultimate tensile strength / MPa Fracture toughness / MPa √m 18 wt% Ni maraging steel QT

43. www.msm.cam.ac.uk

44. Bundy (1965)