1. Volcanoes

2. The Volcanic Setting Subduction zones Rift valleys Hot spots

4. Effusive gentle flows lots of lava Explosive viscous lava trapped gases shield volcanoes cinder cones plateau basalts composite volcanoes calderas Type of Eruption Landforms

5. Cinder cone Big Cinder Butte, Craters of the Moon, Idaho - forms small hills, less than 450 m high - black scoria rock with air bubbles

7. Shield volcano Mauna Loa, Hawaii Low viscosity magma Gases readily escape from this magma Effusive eruptions

10. Kilauea, Hawaii

13. Hot spot Seamounts

14. Plateau basalts

15. CONTINENTAL RIFT VALLEY

16. Photo of Rift Valley In East Africa

18. Composite volcano

20. Mount Pinatubo June, 1991

21. Shield/Composite Comparison

22. Mount St. Helens: the day before

24. Live Photo of Mt. St. Helens http://www.fs.fed.us/gpnf/volcanocams/msh/ Four years later

25. Flooding (from steam-melted ice and snow)

27. Carbon dioxide (CO 2 : 250,000 ppm !) Hydrogen sulphide (H 2 S) Sulphur dioxide (SO 2 ) Hydrofluoric acid (HF) Chlorine (Cl) compounds

28. Four years later

29. Caldera Crater Lake, Oregon windblown ash landed in Calgary 6600 years ago

30. Volcanic hazards and effects hot ash (pyroclastics) steam and gas explosions lava flows poisonous gases (sulfuric acid; even CO 2 if at extreme concentrations) landslides tree blowdowns lahars (steam-melted ice and snow cause flooding and large mudflows) increase in atmospheric dust (decreased global temperatures in short term – increase in long term?)

35. Volcanic Benefits New fertile soils - Hawaii, Philippines Geothermal energy - Iceland, Italy, New Zealand New real estate - Iceland, Japan, Hawaii

36. Diamond-bearing Kimberlite Pipe