1. Addiction Lesson 14

2. What is a drug addict? n Historically l weak-willed l moral degenerate n Portrayal inaccurate & inappropriate l heroin use vs. runner’s high ~

3. Definitions n Abuse l Use beyond social norms l No dependence n Addiction l Compulsive self-administration l Dependence ~

4. Drug Addiction n Addiction vs dependence n Historically required... l Tolerance & withdrawal l Opiates & barbiturates n Cocaine & other stimulants l no tolerance or withdrawal l animals self-administer ~

5. Common Elements n Excessive use & Duration of use: l Exceeds acceptable social norms n Progression: Worsens with time n Loss of Control: l Unable to control amount. l preoccupation with getting/using drug n Impairment In: l Social, Economic, legal, or physical health ~

6. A Components Model of Addiction (Griffiths, 1996) n Salience l Preoccupation n Mood Modification l Why? n Tolerance l Diminished response n Withdrawal l abstinence  unpleasant feelings n Conflict l w/ individuals or other activities n Relapse l reversion to addictive behavior after abstinence ~

7. Other Addictions? n Chocolate? n Caffiene? n Gambling? n Sex? n Overeating? n Shoppng? n Internet? 1. Excessive? 2. Mood Modification? 3. Salience? 4. Tolerance? 5. Withdrawal? 6. Conflict? 7. Relapse? l Euphoriant l Self-medication ~ n Mood modification & motivation?

8. Drug Addiction n Physiological vs. Psychological? (morphine)(cocaine) n Physiological factors l Morphine   NT and receptors u no drug  deficient synaptic activity l Cocaine   DA in nucleus accumbens ~

9. Drug Addiction n Withdrawal vs. Craving morphine vs. cocaine n Psychological factors l Morphine u take more drug to escape withdrawal u negative reinforcement l Cocaine u take more drug to experience euphoria u positive reinforcement n ? ~

10. Dependence Liability: Learning n Reinforcement Characteristics l Positive reinforcers l Negative reinforcers l Aversive aftereffects n Classical & Operant Conditioning l RFT magnitude l RFT Delay l Schedule of RFT ~

11. Dependence Liability: Individual n Motivation l Important but Elusive l Mood modification n Personality l Inconsistent Data n Genetics l Clear Contribution l Susceptibility u predisposition l Alcoholism & P3 ~

12. Dependence Liability: Environmental n Availability n Ease of Administration n Cost l financial l legal l physical n Acceptability l society, family, peers ~

13. All things considered, which drugs have the highest dependence liability?

14. n Legal l Cheap l Available l Easy to administer l Socially acceptable (relatively) n Advertising l Classical Conditioning l Targets youths ~