1. Digestive System

2. What is the Digestive System? Also called the GI Tract or Alimentary Canal The Digestive System is responsible for breaking down foodstuff and converting into energy or using the nutrients in the foodstuff for necessary body functions.

3. Anatomy of the Digestive System Begins at the MOUTH. The mouth is responsible for MECHANICAL DIGESTION. The teeth break down food by chewing (MASTICATION). The mouth is also the place where CHEMICAL DIGESTION begins. The SALIVARY GLANDS (sublingual, parotid, and submandibular glands) are responsible for producing an environment for food breakdown.

4. Next, the food enters the ESOPHAGUS (food tube) which connects the mouth to the STOMACH. After food enters the stomach, acids are released to continue with chemical digestion. From the stomach, food enters the SMALL INTESTINE by traveling through the DUODENUM.

5. The small intestine is responsible for absorption of nutrients. From the small intestine, food enters the LARGE INTESTINE (colon) where water absorption takes place. After the stool is solidified, it travels to the RECTUM and ANUS for removal from the body.

6. Accessory Digestive Organs Liver - detoxifies the blood. - stores sugar as GLYCOGEN. Pancreas - secretes INSULIN, a hormone that allows glucose to enter the bodies cells. - also manufactures and secretes GLUCAGON, a hormone that raises blood sugar and SOMATOSTATIN, a hormone which helps regulate sleep.

7. Combining Forms for the Digestive System ORAL CAVITY (Mouth) or / o AND stomat / o refer to the mouth. IE: stomat / itis -> inflammation of the mouth or / al -> pertaining to the mouth

8. gloss / o AND lingu / o both mean TONGUE. gloss / ectomy -> surgical removal of the tongue lingu / al -> pertaining to the tongue

9. dent / o AND odont / o mean TEETH. dent / ist -> specialist of the teeth Orth / odont / ist -> specialist that straigtens teeth.

10. gingiv / o means GUM(s) gingiv / itis -> inflammation of the gums

11. PHARYNX (throat) and ESOPHAGUS esophag / o -> esophagus esophag / o / scope -> an instrument to view the esophagus

12. gastr / o means stomach gastr / o / scopy -> a visual examination of the stomach

13. pharyng / o means pharynx (throat) pharyng / itis -> inflammation of the throat

14. pylor / o means pylorus (a part of the stomach) pylor / o / tomy -> an incision into the pylorus

15. SMALL INTESTINE and LARGE INTESTINE (colon) an / o -> anus an / al -> pertaining to the anus

16. append / o appendic / o -> appendix append / ectomy -> excision of the appendix appendic / itis -> inflammation of the appendix

17. col / o colon / o -> colon col / o / centesis -> puncture of the colon colon / o / scope -> instrument to view or examine the colon

18. duoden / o means duodenum duoden / o / stomy -> to form an opening (mouth) in the duodenum

19. enter / o means intestine enter / o / pathy -> disease of the intestine enter / it is -> inflammation of the intestine

20. ile / o means ileum (part of the small intestine) ile / o / stomy -> to form an opening (mouth) in the ileum

21. jejun / o means jejunum (part of the small intestine) jejun / o / rrhaphy -> to suture a rupture of the jejunum

22. proct / o means anus or rectum proct / o / logist -> specialist or one who studies the rectum

23. rect / o means rectum NOTE: there are multiple word roots for many organs. rect / o / cele -> hernia of the rectum

24. sigmoid / o means sigmoid colon (part of the large intestine that is “S” shaped) sigmoid / o / scopy -> a visual examination of the sigmoid colon

25. Common Suffixes -dynia -algia Refer to pain. stomat / o / dynia -> pain in the mouth NOTE: a combining vowel is not needed when using – algia. stomat / algia -> pain in the mouth

26. The combining form sial / o Refers to the salivary glands or saliva. What does sial / o / rrhea mean? flow of saliva

27. The prefix Dia- means “through”. What is the literal translation of Dia / rrhea? through flow -> frequent passage of watery bowel movements?

28. Pertaining to….. The following suffixes all mean the same thing. -al vertebr / al -ar vascul / ar -ary maxill / ary -ic thromb / ic

29. FYI When defining a medical word, first define the SUFFIX. Next, look at the beginning of the word (PREFIX or ROOT). Finally, look at the middle of the word (ROOT). sub / lingu / al 1.“-al” means “pertaining to” 2.“sub-” means “beneath” 3.“/ lingu /” means “tongue” Therefore, sublingual means to something pertaining to the beneath the tongue. A sublingual dose of nitroglycerin is placed beneath the tongue.

30. -osis This suffix refers to an abnormal condition. stomat / osis means an abnormality of the mouth.

31. Myc / Word root meaning FUNGUS. myc / osis is an abnormal condition of a fungus.

32. Pharynx, Esophagus, and Stomach gastr / ic gastr / itis gastr / algia gastr / dynia gastr / rrhea All refer to the stomach.

33. What Do The Following Mean? Gastr / ectomy Esophag / o / plasty Gastr / tome Removal of the stomach Surgical repair of the esophagus Instrument to cut the stomach

34. hemat / o -> blood emesis -> vomit hemat / emesis -> to vomit blood NOTE: a combining vowel is NOT needed.

35. Other Definitions epi - above or upon epigastric pain is pain above the stomach. dys - bad, painful, or difficult -pepsia digestion dyspepsia literally means painful digestion or “heartburn”

36. -phagia means to swallow or eat. dys / phagia is difficultly swallowing aer - means air aer / o / phagia means swallowing air. infants frequently have this as they suck milk from a bottle.

37. Small Intestine and Colon The small intestine is broken into three parts: duodenum duoden / o jejunum jejun / o ileum ile / o

38. duoden / o / stomy First part of small intestine Combining vowel To form a new opening

39. col / o / stomy -> form a new hole in the colon col / o / rrhaphy -> suture the colon

40. The SIGMOID COLON becomes the RECTUM. sigmoid / itis -> inflammation of the sigmoid colon rect / o / stenosis -> a narrowing of the rectum

41. Accessory Organs Combining Form Meaning Cholangi / o bile vessel Cholecyst / o gall bladder Choledoch / o bile duct Hepat / o liver Pancreat / o pancreas Sial / o saliva Lith / o stone, calculus