1. Introducing the Landscape Approach (Bangkok, October 2010) Landscape functions and people

2. Introduction games who has come from closest by? who has come from furthest away? who has travelled the most hours? who comes from the smallest country? who comes from the biggest country? who has come from the most important country? Why? where is the centre of the world? what is our centre now?

3. National Government Non- governmental local Forest policypractice non-forest Knowing our positions within the landscape we are all actors in our landscape what is our position within? what is our role? do we like that, or do we want to change? Why?

4. Joint definition of "landscape" discuss in groups of three write three key words on cards assemble the cards and form a joint definition

5. Reading landscapes

7. Reading landscapes

10. Landscape approach a landscape is never static but characterised by its processes and dynamics

11. Definition of a landscape “scape” or “schap”: View, appearance, shape, creation Property, archaic form of governance Social construct which changes over time

12. Definition of a landscape Neef (1967): "a landscape is a concrete part of the earth's surface shaped by uniform structure and same process pattern"

13. Definition of a landscape Turner (2001): “spatially heterogeneous geographic areas characterized by diverse interacting patches or ecosystems, ranging from relatively natural terrestrial and aquatic systems such as forests, grasslands and lakes to human- dominated environments including agricultural, urban (and industrial ) settings".

14. The definition of a landscape, lies in the eyes of the beholder... Definition of a landscape

15. Multi-functional landscapes

16. Segregation of production function Integration of production and environmental functions Multi-functional landscapes

18. Landscape approach is all about finding the balance between ecological integrity and human well-being

19. Does the landscape approach offer something new? Response to: Previous attempts to plan development Withdrawal of central states, new scope for local stakeholders Search for stronger regional identities Climate change: shorter production chains

20. Landscape approach Making use of existing experiences: Decentralised NRM Participatory land use planning – (gestion du terroir/territoir) Community forestry

21. See the bigger picture

22. Landscape as an arena

23. Well forested catchment Rich biodiversity High value timber Attractive scenery, tourism Ancestral homeland Subsistence farm land Commercial farm land Biofuel production Grazing land Human settlement Sub-soil richness Which are the land use options?

24. Well forested catchment Rich biodiversity High value timber Attractive scenery, tourism Ancestral homeland Subsistence farm land Commercial farm land Biofuel production Grazing land Human settlement Sub-soil richness Which are the claims? What are the claims?

25. Well forested catchment Rich biodiversity High value timber Attractive scenery, tourism Ancestral homeland Subsistence farm land Commercial farm land Biofuel production Grazing land Human settlement Sub-soil richness Who are the claimants? What are the claims?

26. What drives them? District policy Need for money Power relations education Empowerment Need for firewood Local Market prices Food needs Ability to invest Land ownership Land pressure Labour force

27. District policy Need for money Power relations education Empowerment Need for firewood Local Market prices Food needs Ability to invest Land ownership Land pressure Labour force Population growth Climate change Demand for (bio)fuels Increased Interest in biodiversity Growing demand Animal feed Increased mobility Globalisation Need for minerals Commodity prices up Increased exploitation Direct foreign investments Land grabbing Growing food demand What are the drivers that drive them?

28. Potential conflicts District policy Need for money Power relations education Empowerment Need for firewood Local Market prices Food needs Ability to invest Land ownership Land pressure Labour force Population growth Climate change Demand for (bio)fuels Increased Interest in biodiversity Growing demand Animal feed Increased mobility Globalisation Need for minerals Commodity prices up Increased exploitation Direct foreign investments Land grabbing Growing food demand Competing claims

29. Drivers at multiple levels and scales Giller et al, 2008

30. Mismatches in levels and scales Bio-physical scales Individual family Community Country Region Municipality Province/district department Governance scales Local provincial National International municipal Juridical scales

31. What is the difference?

32. Simple and complex systems Cooking Simple Predictable Recipe Landscape Complex Not predictable Research Scenarios Adaptive management Social learning Puzzle Simple Predictable Single solution Trial & error Machine Complicated Not predictable Guidelines Problem tree Planning

33. Complicated Complex Chaotic Simple Source: Cognitive Edge (www.cognitive-edge.com)www.cognitive Cynefin Framework

34. How to understand complex realities?

35. Ping pong ball game

36. How to deal with complex realities

37. Understanding complex realities Looking at reality through different eyes:  Multiple actors  Multiple sectors  Multiple scales

44. What's the problem?

45. Landscape approach is an approach to interpret and understand complex realities LLP is a way to intervene in complex realities Landscape approach versus landscape level planning

46. is not easy to understand Cannot easily be controlled or planned Can be influenced By addressing the entire system By moving from planning to emergence Both acknowledge that a landscape: Landscape approach versus landscape level planning

47. From planning to emergence Planned Incremental Emergent

48. From planning to emergence participation of all actors involved Flexible and adaptive management Creating synergies across boundaries Searching for “win-win” options Collaborative learning

49. Any questions? IF NOT: THANK YOU!