1. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2 nd Edition Copyright 2003 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 9 - 1 Systems Analysis and Design, 2 nd Edition Alan Dennis and Barbara Haley Wixom John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Slides by Roberta M. Roth University of Northern Iowa

2. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2 nd Edition Copyright 2003 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 9 - 2 Reka bentuk Arkitektur Bab 9

3. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2 nd Edition Copyright 2003 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 9 - 3 Definisi utama Rekabentuk arkitektur Merancang bagaimana sistem akan diagihkan kepada komputer-komputer dan apakah jenis perkakasan dan perisian yang boleh digunakan untuk setiap komputer. Spesifikasi perkakasan dan perisian. Menerangkan perkakasan/perisian secara terperinci untuk membantu siapa yang bertanggunjawab untuk membeli produk tersebut..

4. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2 nd Edition Copyright 2003 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 9 - 4 ELEMEN-ELEMEN REKABENTUK ARKITEKTUR

5. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2 nd Edition Copyright 2003 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 9 - 5 Komponen-komponen (fungsian) arktitektur bagi perisian simpanan Data Logik Akses Data Pemprosesan diperlukan untuk mengakses data yang disimpan. Logik Aplikasi Pemprosesan logik bagi sesuatu aplikasi Logik Persembahan Paparan maklumat dan pemprosesan arahan pengguna

6. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2 nd Edition Copyright 2003 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 9 - 6 Tujuan Reka bentuk Arkitektur Kenalpasti bahagian perisian aplikasi yang mana sesuai untuk perkakasan yang mana. Pilihan perkakasan: Klien Peranti Input/output devices yang dipakai oleh pengguna PCs, laptops, handheld devices, cell phones Pelayan Perisian Penyimpanan Komputer Besar Boleh diakses oleh ramai pengguna

7. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2 nd Edition Copyright 2003 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 9 - 7 Pelayan alternatif Kerangka (Mainframe) Komputer mini Komputer mikro (komputer persendirian)

8. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2 nd Edition Copyright 2003 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 9 - 8 Klien alternatif Terminal-terminal Komputer mikro (komputer persendirian) Terminal-terminal khas (ATMs, kiosks, Palm Pilots, dan lain-lain)

9. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2 nd Edition Copyright 2003 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 9 - 9 Pilihan-pilihan arkitektur Arkitektur berdasarkan pelayan Arkitektur berdasarkan klien Arkitektur berdasarkan klien-pelayan

10. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2 nd Edition Copyright 2003 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 9 - 10 Arkitektur berdasarkan pelayan

11. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2 nd Edition Copyright 2003 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 9 - 11 Arkitektur berdasarkan klien

12. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2 nd Edition Copyright 2003 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 9 - 12 Arkitektur berdasarkan klien- pelayan (Two-Tiered)

13. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2 nd Edition Copyright 2003 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 9 - 13 Atribut Klien-pelayan Faedah: Berskalar Bekerja dengan pelbagai produk dan penjual melalui middleware. Membaiki modulariti sistem berdasarkan web. Tiada poin gagal tengah (No central point of failure ) Kekangan Kekompleksan Pengaturcaraan dan teknik baru (memberi tekanan kepada pekerja) Lebih kompleks untuk kemaskini.

14. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2 nd Edition Copyright 2003 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 9 - 14 Arkitektur Klien-Pelayan Three-Tiered

15. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2 nd Edition Copyright 2003 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 9 - 15 Arkitektur Klien-Pelayan Four-Tiered

16. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2 nd Edition Copyright 2003 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 9 - 16 Arkitektur Klien-Pelayan N-Tiered lwn 2-Tiered Faedah Mengasingkan pemprosesan kepada muatan yang lebih seimbang pada klien yang berbeza. Lebih berskalar. Kekangan Muatan lebih dalam rangkaian. Lebih susah untuk program dan ujian.

17. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2 nd Edition Copyright 2003 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 9 - 17 Giliran anda Cuba bayangkan sistem pendaftaran di universiti anda: Apakah arkitektur komputeran yang digunakan ? Apakah jenis arkitektur yang bakal digunakan untuk menggantikannya?

18. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2 nd Edition Copyright 2003 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 9 - 18 MENCIPTA REKA BENTUK ARKITEKTUR

19. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2 nd Edition Copyright 2003 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 9 - 19 Memilih satu reka bentuk arkitektur Kos terendah selalunya digunakan untuk menentukan pemilihan klien-pelayan. Proses pemilihan yang dicadangkan: Perdalamkan perincian keperluan nonfunctional Bergantung pemilihan arkitektur bagi perincian keperluan nonfunctional.

20. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2 nd Edition Copyright 2003 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 9 - 20 Keperluan operasian RequirementDefinitionExample Technical Environment Special hardware, software, and network requirements imposed by business requirements Always-on network connection permitting real- time database updates System Integration The extent to which the system will operate with other systems The system will read and write to the main inventory database Portability The extent to which the system will need to operate in other environments The system may need to operate with handheld devices Maintainability Expected business changes to which the system should be able to adapt The system must accommodate new manufacturing plants

21. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2 nd Edition Copyright 2003 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 9 - 21 Keperluan prestasi RequirementDefinitionExample Speed Time within which the system must perform its function Network transaction response time <= 7 seconds Capacity Total and peak number of users and the volume of data expected Maximum of 100-200 simultaneous users at peak times Availability and Reliability Extent to which the system will be available to the users and the permissible failure rate due to errors 99% uptime performance

22. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2 nd Edition Copyright 2003 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 9 - 22 Keperluan keselamatan RequirementDefinitionExample System Value Estimates Estimated business value of the system and its data A complete loss of all system data would cost $20 million Access Control Limitations on who can access what data Inventory changes can be made only by department managers Encryption and Authentication Defines what data will be encrypted where and whether authentication will be needed for user access Data will be encrypted from the user’s computer to the Web site to provide secure ordering Virus Control Controls to limit virusesAll uploaded files will be checked for viruses before being saved in the system

23. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2 nd Edition Copyright 2003 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 9 - 23 Keperluan budaya/politik RequirementDefinitionExample Multilingual The language(s) the system users will need The system will operate in English, French, and Spanish Customization Specification of what aspects of the system can be changed by local users Country managers will be able to define new fields in the product database to capture country- specific information Making Unstated Norms Explicit Explicitly stating assumptions that differ from country to country All weights will be stated in kilograms Legal The laws and regulations that impose system requirements Personal customer information cannot be transferred from European Union countries to US

24. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2 nd Edition Copyright 2003 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 9 - 24 Mereka bentuk arkitektur Keperluan persekitaran teknikal, dipandu oleh keperluan bisnes, dan selalu menakrifkan arkitektur. Jika tidak, keperluan nonfunctional lain akan menjadi lebih penting.

25. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2 nd Edition Copyright 2003 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 9 - 25 Keperluan Nonfunctional dan Rekabentuk Arkitektur

26. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2 nd Edition Copyright 2003 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 9 - 26 SPESIFIKASI PERKAKASAN DAN PERISIAN

27. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2 nd Edition Copyright 2003 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 9 - 27 Spesifikasi perkakasan dan perisian Digunakan apabila perkakasan dan perisian baru perlu dibeli. Berkomunikasi keperluan projek Perolehan hakiki perkakasan dan perisian selalunya diuruskan oleh jabatan jualan – selalunya di syarikat besar.

28. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2 nd Edition Copyright 2003 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 9 - 28 Spesifikasi perkakasan dan perisian Kenalpasti keperluan perisian OS, tujan khas Keperluan Latihan, jaminan, penyenggaran dan lesen. Kenalpasti keperluan perkakasan Pelayan, klien, peripherals, peranti sandaran, komponen simpanan. Keperluan konfigurasi minimum.

29. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2 nd Edition Copyright 2003 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 9 - 29 Kesimpulan 3 jenis arkitektur komputeran iaitu berdasarkan klien, pelayan, dan klien- pelayan.. Pilih reka bentuk arkitektur berdasarkan keperluan nonfunctional. Spesifikasi perkakasan dan perisian mendokumenkan keperluan perolehan.

30. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2 nd Edition Copyright 2003 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 9 - 30 Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted in Section 117 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the express written permission of the copyright owner is unlawful. Request for further information should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. The purchaser may make back-up copies for his/her own use only and not for redistribution or resale. The Publisher assumes no responsibility for errors, omissions, or damages, caused by the use of these programs or from the use of the information contained herein.