2. Stress

3. Questions What Causes Stress? What are the Effects of Stress? How Can We Cope with Stress?

4. What Causes Stress? Frustration Conflict Change Pressure

5. What Causes Stress? chronic stressors major life events

6. What Are The Effects of Stress? General Adaptation Syndrome – Alarm – Resistance – Exhaustion

7. What Are The Effects of Stress? Immediate Effects fight or flight response, high arousal level impaired attention impaired memory impaired decision-making

8. What Are The Effects of Stress? Long-Term Effects impaired immune function damage to organs aggression learned helplessness

9. How Can We Cope With Stress? Appraisal as challenge vs. threat Problem-focused coping Optimism vs. catastrophic thinking

10. Misconception Alert! It is possible for people to change their level of optimism.

11. How Can We Cope With Stress? Health habits Conscientiousness Social support