1. Rise of Chemistry and Biology YSU – Weapons of Mass Destruction

2. On-Line Sessions Who absolutely needs the sessions on disk?

3. What Could be Used as a Weapon?

4. What are some toxic metals?

5. Organic Chemistry CC H H H H H H

6. CC H H H H

7. Germany Led the Race Petroleum Coal Tar –We smell it near coke ovens –We smell it in seal-coat for the driveway

8. Chemicals From Base Substances Benzene Toluene Xylenes Ethylbenzene Phenol

9. Benzene

10. Organic Structures Toluene Ethyl Benzene

11. Xylenes

12. Aniline Adolf von Baeyer Craked the chemical “code” for aniline.

13. Naphthalene

14. Chlorinated Hydrocarbons This is very similar to ethyl chlorohydrin, a precursor to chemical mustard. Chlordane

15. Thiodiglycol HO-CH2-CH2-S-CH2-CH2-OH In 1886 Victor Meyer, unaware, created mustard thiodiglycol by adding 2 simple Cl atoms Ethyl chlorohydrin, reacted with sulfur creates this molecule.

16. Mustard Thiodiglycol CH 2 CH 2 Cl S

17. Properties 3.3.1 Colour Colourless or yellow liquid (1 atm. and 15°C). 3.3.2 State/form Oily liquid at 1 atm. and 15°C. 3.3.3 Description Melting point: 13 to 14°C Boiling point: 215 to 217°C Vapour pressure at: 0°C 0.025 mm 30°C 0.090 mm Solubility: very sparingly in water; soluble in fats and organic solvents. Heavier than water. Weak mustard or garlic like odour. IPS INCHEM

18. Ypres, April 22, 1915 Cl 2 Organized by Fritz Haber Employed 5730 cylinders Release zone 6 km long 800/2000 casualties

19. PPE At first, rags, soaked in urine or bicarbonate were used to neutralize chlorine. By the end of 1915 more efficient masks and supplemental oxygen began to become available.

20. Delivery Early chemical attacks employed pressurized cylinders and gases were released in tandem. This caused logistic problems and backlash. Later mortars were filled with gas. The wepon could then be launched with a mortar cannon such as a Stokes Mortar Gun.

21. Other Respiratory Irritants Phosgene Chloropicrin Sn Tetrachloride Chloracetone Arsine HCN Pulmonary Edema Profuse Secretions O 2 Inhibition

22. U.S. Finds Success America’s secret chemical weapon the pesticide DDT. DDT is largely credited with helping Allied forces with World War II. What other project failed numerous times but was finally successful on account of DDT?

23. Nerve Agents 1934 Gerhard Schrader German G-Series Tabun Sarin Soman V-series –1950’s Sweden (lower VP)

24. Later Chem Events Korea Vietnam Iran-Iraq – 1981 Khamisiya, Iraq – 1991 Tokyo - 1995

25. Bio Review Koch Postulates – 1986 –Disease not in healthy animal –Isolate + grow in culture –Must produce disease in animal –Should be able to be reisolated

26. First “Program” < 1930 Most Nations Feared Boomerang Japanese ’32-’45 –Unit 731 –In Occupied China –Plague, cholera, hemorrhagic fevers –10,000 Chinese perished –Civilian-based attacks

27. Bioweapons in the 1900’s ’40 Japan dropped ceramic bomblets ’39-’50 U.S. begins development –Anthrax, plague, cholera, typhus, yellow fever, typhoid, tuleremia, brucellosis, glanders –Plant + animal pests

28. Bioweapons in the 1900’s Soviet Union –First stifled due to Tofim Lysenko –Stalin’s Death –BTWC – signed in 1972 –1979 Svedlovsk release –Defectors: Vlad Pasechnik, Ken Alibek –Biopreparat – cover for BW program

29. Illicit Use Rajneeshees –Salmonella Aum Shinrikyo –Anthrax –Plague U.S. –2001

30. Housekeeping No SLP for Module 1 I will post SLP assignment for mod 2 Wednesday – guest –Herb Layman – President, U.S. Micro –>35 years in microbiology –Microbiology Refresher