1. Renewal Fuel from Biomass Waste UC Discovery/West Biofuels Research Project: “An Investigation of a Thermochemical Process for the Conversion of Biomass to Mixed Alcohol” Robert Cattolica Professor of Engineering Physics Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering University of California at San Diego La Jolla, CA rjcat@ucsd.edu

2. Past focus of FT technology development –Fossil feedstock (coal, natural gas, etc.) –Diesel and Paraffins Current focus of FT technology development –Renewable feedstock (biomass, MSW, etc.) –Alcohols and Chemicals Historical Focus Gas to Liquids (Fischer-Tropsch Catalyst)

6. Renewable Fuels Market in US US Gasoline Annual Consumption (2005) 140 billion gallons 5% renewable fuel goal = 7 billion gallons Renewable Fuel (ethanol) Production (2005) 4 billon gallons US 12 billion gallons World Wide Energy Policy Act 2005 – Renewal Fuel Requirement 4 billion gallons 2006 7.5 billion gallons 2012

7. Renewable Fuels Market in California Market: Alcohol Blending in Gasoline in California Gasoline Consumption 15,000 million gals/yr Renewal fuel requirement (6%) 900 million gals/yr Ethanol fuel production in California 75 million gals/yr (current production imported corn) 50 million gals/yr (under construction imported corn) 51 million gals/yr (12% in wine) Biomass Waste Stream Resources: Forest Waste, Agricultural Plant Waste, Urban Green Waste, MSW, etc.

8. Gasification Feedstocks and Output Products Gasification Plant Syngas – H 2 /CO Slag for Construction Materials Potential Feeds Natural gas Residual oils Orimulsion Petroleum coke Coal Waste Oils Biomass Black liquor Sewage Sludge Potential Products Oxygen Nitrogen Argon Carbon Dioxide Sulfur/Sulfuric Acid Steam Combined Cycle Electric Power Chemical Production Fischer- Tropsch Synthesis Hydrogen Carbon Monoxide Fertilizer (Urea, ammonium nitrate) SNG Industrial Chemicals Ethanol / Higher Alcohols Acetic Acid Naphtha Diesel Jet Fuel Wax

10. UC Discovery/West Biofuels (WB) Biomass to Alcohol Research Two Year Program: $3M (WB $1.85M/UC $1.15M) 2007-2009 5 tons/day, three stage research reactor 9 Professors, 7 post docs, 1 development engineer Systems, Applied, and Basic Research Pending DOE Education Program: 9 four-year fellowships in renewable fuels

11. UC Discovery/West Biofuels Biomass to Mixed Alcohol Three Stage Process MoS Catalyst CO + H 2 Mixed Alcohol Syngas with sulfur OK Synthesis Reactor Gasifier C + H 2 O CO, H 2, CO 2, CH 4 Gasification Reactor Reforming Catalyst CO + H 2 CO, H 2, CO 2, CH 4 Reformer Reactor Syngas Producer Gas

12. Mixed alcohol composition for MoS based catalyst "D“ and composition with methanol recycle or removal. Mixed Alcohol from Biomass ( 100 gals/ton) Mixed Alcohol Baseline Composition Mixed Alcohol with Methanol recycle Ethanol50 %75% Methanol28 %- Propanol16 %11% Butanol4 %8% Pentanol2%6%

13. Conclusions: The thermochemical conversion of biomass to mixed alcohol is an attractive approach for producing renewable biofuel: Based on well known chemical engineering methods. Research needed in system integration, controls, sensors, and improved catalysts performance. Recycles biomass waste stream energy – no net CO 2 Potential Feedstocks: forest waste, agricultural plant waste, urban green waste, and MSW Distributed fuels production – (forests, land fills, etc.)