1. Chapter 12 Congress

2. POWERS OF CONGRESS AUTHORITY FROM ARTICLE 1: Sec 8 Powers of Congress are primary powers of the federal government In a Republic- 1 st branch of government

3. Powers of Congress Collect taxes Regulate commerce Create armed forces Coin money Declare war, ETC. “necessary and proper” clause-

4. STRUCTURE OF CONGRESS BICAMERAL- TWO CHAMBER –HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES –SENATE

5. House of Representatives 435 members two-year terms highly structured limited debate initiates appropriations bills initiates impeachment

6. Senate 100 members, six-year terms loosely structured, more elitist nearly unlimited debate filibusters stopped by cloture vote (60 senators once 16 Senators sign petition) approves presidential appointments by majority vote and treaties by a 2/3 vote conducts impeachment trials

7. Party Leadership in Congress The Majority party chooses committee and subcommittee chairs and thereby controls nation’s policy agenda. Most committee seats reflect distribution of parties in chamber Majority leader/minority leader/whips in each chamber.

8. Power Positions SPEAKER of HOUSE chosen by the majority party; Constitution requires –most powerful job in House and Congress. Senate majority leader - most powerful position in the Senate. Vice President = Pres. of Senate –LEAST powerful-- votes to break a tie.

9. Committees in Congress Committees draft legislation and oversee the executive branch. Backbone of system -- Standing Committees for major policy areas Subcommittees address specific policies and programs Conference committees —members of both chambers work out differences in legislation passed separately by each chamber.

11. Committees in Congress Joint committees have members from both the House and Senate but typically don’t draft legislation – e.g. oversee Library of Congress Special and select committees deal with an issue or scandal for a specified period of time e.g. Iran-Contra, Watergate were special committees

12. How Bill Becomes an Act of Congress

13. The President’s Role approves or vetoes acts of Congress seeks to initiate or influence content of legislation provides annual budget, ‘State of the Union’, and state of the environment can help or hinder a bill

15. Congress and Elections Reelection is fundamental goal Therefore --spend time in the district --use free mailing privilege --provide benefits (pork barrel) --perform casework --identify and take popular positions Very few incumbents lose-dislike Congress but not representative!

18. Theories About Congress Social Choice Theory – community of divas clamoring for choice roles. Social Structure Theory- caught in vortex of problems with no easy answers Social Learning – inherent conflict in any complex system between well being of individual and well being of all.