1. Trace Minerals

2. Minerals in the Body

3. The Trace Minerals Needed in much smaller amounts Needed in much smaller amounts Are essential Are essential Difficult to study due to the trace amounts needed by the body Difficult to study due to the trace amounts needed by the body Food content dependent on soil content Food content dependent on soil content Animal sources of mineral are generally better absorbed. Animal sources of mineral are generally better absorbed.

4. Iron Found in minute amount in every cell Found in minute amount in every cell 15% is absorbed 15% is absorbed Heme iron Vs. Nonheme iron Heme iron Vs. Nonheme iron –40% of iron in animal flesh is heme iron –Heme iron is better absorbed than nonheme Vitamin C enhances absorption Vitamin C enhances absorption

5. Absorption of Iron Determined by body’s need Determined by body’s need Acidic environment Acidic environment Upper small intestine is absorption site Upper small intestine is absorption site Hindered by phytic acid, oxalic acid, high fiber, high calcium, polyphenols Hindered by phytic acid, oxalic acid, high fiber, high calcium, polyphenols Zinc competes with iron for absorption Zinc competes with iron for absorption

6. Functions of Iron Hemoglobin in red blood cells Hemoglobin in red blood cells –Transports oxygen and carbon dioxide –High turnover, high demand for iron Myoglobin in muscle cells Myoglobin in muscle cells –Binds oxygen Electron transport chain Electron transport chain Enzyme cofactor Enzyme cofactor Immune function Immune function Drug-detoxification pathway Drug-detoxification pathway

7. Iron-Deficient Anemia Most common form of anemia (30% of world population) Most common form of anemia (30% of world population) Low levels of hemoglobin and hematocrit Low levels of hemoglobin and hematocrit Insufficient intake and storage Insufficient intake and storage Reduction in the production of red blood cells and oxygen capacity Reduction in the production of red blood cells and oxygen capacity Infants, toddlers, chronic blood loss, vegans, runners, and women of childbearing years are most at risk Infants, toddlers, chronic blood loss, vegans, runners, and women of childbearing years are most at risk Paleness, brittle nails, fatigue, difficulty breathing, poor growth Paleness, brittle nails, fatigue, difficulty breathing, poor growth

8. Food Sources of Iron Red meats Red meats Enriched grains Enriched grains Fortified cereals Fortified cereals Iron skillet Iron skillet Milk is a poor source Milk is a poor source

9. Iron Pyramid

10. Nonheme Iron Not as well absorbed Not as well absorbed Found in animal flesh, eggs, milk, vegetables, grains and other plant foods Found in animal flesh, eggs, milk, vegetables, grains and other plant foods Better absorbed if eaten along with sources of heme iron Better absorbed if eaten along with sources of heme iron

11. Iron Needs RDA is 8 mg/day for adult male RDA is 8 mg/day for adult male RDA is 18 mg/day for female age 11 to 50; 8 mg after 50 RDA is 18 mg/day for female age 11 to 50; 8 mg after 50 Assumes that 18% of dietary iron is absorbed Assumes that 18% of dietary iron is absorbed Average American diet: females 12 mg/day; males 17 mg/day Average American diet: females 12 mg/day; males 17 mg/day Average intake exceeds RDA for men, low for women Average intake exceeds RDA for men, low for women

12. Toxicity of Iron Can be serious, especially for children Can be serious, especially for children Diarrhea, constipation, nausea, abdominal pain Diarrhea, constipation, nausea, abdominal pain Upper Level is 45 mg/day Upper Level is 45 mg/day Causes death due to respiratory collapse (shock); liver damage Causes death due to respiratory collapse (shock); liver damage Alcohol increases absorption, damages mucosal cells Alcohol increases absorption, damages mucosal cells

13. Hemochromatosis Genetic disease (carrier can also over absorb) Genetic disease (carrier can also over absorb) Iron deposit which can lead to organ damage Iron deposit which can lead to organ damage May go undetected until 50-60 years of age when organ fails May go undetected until 50-60 years of age when organ fails

14. Zinc Essential nutrient Essential nutrient Better absorption from animal source Better absorption from animal source Deficiencies cause growth retardation and poor sexual development Deficiencies cause growth retardation and poor sexual development

15. Absorption of Zinc Influenced by the foods consumed Influenced by the foods consumed 40% of zinc from an animal source is absorbed if body’s needs are great 40% of zinc from an animal source is absorbed if body’s needs are great Dependent on body’s need Dependent on body’s need Presence of phytic acid decreases absorption Presence of phytic acid decreases absorption Calcium supplement decreases zinc absorption Calcium supplement decreases zinc absorption Competes with copper and iron absorption Competes with copper and iron absorption

16. Functions of Zinc Cofactor to many enzymes Cofactor to many enzymes Synthesis of DNA, RNA Synthesis of DNA, RNA Protein metabolism, cell membrane Protein metabolism, cell membrane Wound healing, immune function, growth Wound healing, immune function, growth Development of sexual organs and bones Development of sexual organs and bones Insulin function Insulin function Component of superoxide dismutase Component of superoxide dismutase

17. Zinc Deficiency Growth retardation Growth retardation Slow sexual maturity Slow sexual maturity Loss of taste Loss of taste Lethargy, emotional disorders Lethargy, emotional disorders Slow wound healing Slow wound healing

18. Food Sources of Zinc Animal products Animal products Shellfish Shellfish Legumes Legumes Not part of the enrichment process Not part of the enrichment process RDA for women is 8 mg/day RDA for women is 8 mg/day RDA for men is 11 mg/day RDA for men is 11 mg/day Daily value is 15 mg Daily value is 15 mg Average intake is marginal for women and adequate for men Average intake is marginal for women and adequate for men

19. Toxicity of Zinc Upper Level is 40 mg/day Upper Level is 40 mg/day Inhibits copper absorption Inhibits copper absorption Reduces HDL Reduces HDL Increases risk of heart disease Increases risk of heart disease Diarrhea, cramps, Nausea, vomiting Diarrhea, cramps, Nausea, vomiting Depressed immune function Depressed immune function Do not exceed 100 mg/day without medical supervision Do not exceed 100 mg/day without medical supervision Some take for sore throats, colds Some take for sore throats, colds

20. Selenium Readily absorbed Readily absorbed Excreted through the urine and feces Excreted through the urine and feces Co-factor for glutathione peroxidase Co-factor for glutathione peroxidase Protects the heart and other cells from oxidative damage Protects the heart and other cells from oxidative damage Works together with vitamin E Works together with vitamin E Cancer prevention Cancer prevention

21. Deficiency of Selenium Muscle pain Muscle pain Muscle wasting Muscle wasting Cardiomyopathy Cardiomyopathy

22. Food Sources of Selenium Fish, meat (organ meat), egg, milk, shell fish Fish, meat (organ meat), egg, milk, shell fish Grains, seeds, nuts dependent on soil content Grains, seeds, nuts dependent on soil content RDA for adults is 55 ug/day RDA for adults is 55 ug/day Average intake exceeds RDA Average intake exceeds RDA

23. Toxicity of Selenium Upper Level is 400 ug/day Upper Level is 400 ug/day Garlicky breath Garlicky breath Hair loss Hair loss Nausea, vomiting Nausea, vomiting Weakness Weakness Rashes Rashes Cirrhosis of the liver Cirrhosis of the liver

24. Iodine Found in an ion form, iodide Found in an ion form, iodide Used for thyroid hormone synthesis Used for thyroid hormone synthesis Regulates metabolic rate, growth, development Regulates metabolic rate, growth, development Thyroid gland enlarges (goiter) with low intake of iodide Thyroid gland enlarges (goiter) with low intake of iodide Cretinism is the stunting of fetal growth and mental development as a result of low iodine diet Cretinism is the stunting of fetal growth and mental development as a result of low iodine diet

25. Food Sources of Iodine Iodized salt (1/2 tsp. meets RDA for iodine) Iodized salt (1/2 tsp. meets RDA for iodine) Saltwater fish, seafood, dairy, grains Saltwater fish, seafood, dairy, grains Sea salt is a poor source (loss during processing) Sea salt is a poor source (loss during processing) Plant source dependent on soil content Plant source dependent on soil content RDA for adult is 150 ug/day (50ug to prevent goiter) RDA for adult is 150 ug/day (50ug to prevent goiter) Average intake exceeds RDA Average intake exceeds RDA

26. Toxicity of Iodine Thyroid hormone synthesis is inhibited Thyroid hormone synthesis is inhibited “Toxic goiter” results “Toxic goiter” results Consumption of seaweed Consumption of seaweed Upper Level is 1.1 mg/day Upper Level is 1.1 mg/day

27. Copper Aids in iron metabolism Aids in iron metabolism Absorption dependent on body’s needs Absorption dependent on body’s needs Absorption decreased with high intakes of vitamin C, phytic acid, fiber, zinc, iron, certain amino acids Absorption decreased with high intakes of vitamin C, phytic acid, fiber, zinc, iron, certain amino acids

28. Functions of Copper Increases iron absorption Increases iron absorption Formation of connective tissue Formation of connective tissue In superoxide dismutase In superoxide dismutase Immune system, blood clot, brain development, cholesterol metabolism Immune system, blood clot, brain development, cholesterol metabolism

29. Deficiency of Copper Anemia Anemia Decrease WBC Decrease WBC Bone loss Bone loss Inadequate growth Inadequate growth Pre-term infants at risk Pre-term infants at risk Cardiovascular disease Cardiovascular disease

30. Food Sources of Copper Organ meats Organ meats Seafood Seafood Cocoa Cocoa Mushroom, legumes, seeds, nuts, whole- grain Mushroom, legumes, seeds, nuts, whole- grain RDA is 900 ug/day for adults RDA is 900 ug/day for adults Daily Value is set at 2000 ug Daily Value is set at 2000 ug Average intake is about or slightly below the RDA Average intake is about or slightly below the RDA

31. Who is at Risk For Deficiency? Preterm infants Preterm infants Undernourished infants Undernourished infants Intestinal surgery Intestinal surgery Long-term TPN Long-term TPN Dialysis Dialysis Burn patients Burn patients Excess zinc supplement Excess zinc supplement

32. Toxicity of Copper Upper Level is 10 mg/day Upper Level is 10 mg/day Not common Not common

33. Fluoride Role in prevention of cavities Role in prevention of cavities Resists acid and dental caries Resists acid and dental caries Fluoride inhibits bacterial growth that may cause cavities Fluoride inhibits bacterial growth that may cause cavities Fluoridated water (1ppm) Fluoridated water (1ppm)

34. “Food” Sources of Fluoride Fluoridate water (~0.2 mg/cup) Fluoridate water (~0.2 mg/cup) Tea Tea Seafood, seaweed Seafood, seaweed Toothpaste Toothpaste Adequate intake is 3.1 -3.8 mg/day for adults Adequate intake is 3.1 -3.8 mg/day for adults Typical fluoridated water contains 0.2 mg/cup Typical fluoridated water contains 0.2 mg/cup

35. Toxicity of Fluoride Mottling of the teeth in children Mottling of the teeth in children Limit toothpaste to pea size for children Limit toothpaste to pea size for children In high amounts can weaken teeth in children In high amounts can weaken teeth in children Upper Level is 10 mg/day Upper Level is 10 mg/day

36. Chromium Not well understood Not well understood Role in Type 2 diabetes Role in Type 2 diabetes May increase the transport of glucose across the cell membrane May increase the transport of glucose across the cell membrane Impaired glucose tolerance with low intake Impaired glucose tolerance with low intake Elevated cholesterol and triglyceride with low intake Elevated cholesterol and triglyceride with low intake

37. Food Sources of Chromium Little information Little information Egg yolk Egg yolk Bran, whole grain, cereal Bran, whole grain, cereal Organ meat, meat Organ meat, meat Beer Beer Plant source dependent on soil content Plant source dependent on soil content Adequate Intake is 25 - 35 ug/day for adults Adequate Intake is 25 - 35 ug/day for adults Daily Value is set at 120 ug Daily Value is set at 120 ug Average intake meets the AI Average intake meets the AI

38. Toxicity of Chromium No toxicity from foods No toxicity from foods No Upper Level No Upper Level Exposed to chromium waste sites, painters and artists exposed to paints Exposed to chromium waste sites, painters and artists exposed to paints Lung & liver damage Lung & liver damage

39. Maganese Role in CHO metabolism Role in CHO metabolism Role in bone formation Role in bone formation No deficiency symptom observed in human No deficiency symptom observed in human Adequate Intake is 1.8-2.3 mg/day Adequate Intake is 1.8-2.3 mg/day Average intake meets AI Average intake meets AI

40. Manganese Toxicity Seen in individuals working in manganese mine Seen in individuals working in manganese mine –Severe psychiatric abnormalities –Violence, impaired muscle control Upper Level is 11 mg/day Upper Level is 11 mg/day

41. Molybdenum High intake will inhibit copper absorption High intake will inhibit copper absorption Required by several enzymes Required by several enzymes Deficiency rare Deficiency rare –Increased heart and respiration rates –Night blindness, mental confusion –Edema, weakness, coma RDA is 45 ug/day RDA is 45 ug/day Average intake is 75-110 ug/day Average intake is 75-110 ug/day Toxicity seen in animals Toxicity seen in animals Upper Level is 2 mg/day Upper Level is 2 mg/day

42. Other Minerals Boron Boron Nickel Nickel Silicon Silicon Vanadium Vanadium Arsenic Arsenic

43. Mineral Pyramid