1. The Mini-bang : Search for the Quark Gluon Plasma Virtual Journey from the Big-Bang to the Mini-Bang. Prof. Claude Pruneau Wayne State University University of Michigan, Dearborn, October 22, 2004

2. Stars Wanderers The planets What else ? What do you see in the Night Sky ?

4. Mosaic of 51 wide-angle photographs. Made over a three year period from locations in California (USA), South Africa, and Germany, the individual pictures were digitized and stitched together to create an apparently seamless 360 by 180 degree view.

5. M31 : Andromeda Galaxy M31

7. Virgo Cluster

9. Doppler Effect

10. Doppler Effect of light from moving Stars

13. Measurements of Hubble Expansion: Hubble Constant : 70 km/sec/mpc (  10%) Galaxies appear to be moving 160,000 miles per hour faster for every 3.3 million light-years away from Earth. Wendy Freedman et al.(Carnegie Observatories), HST Key Project Team, and NASACarnegie ObservatoriesNASA Fornax cluster barred spiral galaxy NGC1365 HST Picture: Identification of 50 Cepheids variable stars

14. The further apart galaxies are, the faster they move away from one another. Expanding Universe

15. Big Bang Model A broadly accepted theory for the origin and evolution of our universe. It postulates that 12 to 14 billion years ago, the portion of the universe we can see today was only a few millimeters across. It has since expanded from this hot dense state into the vast and much cooler cosmos we currently inhabit. In the beginning, there was a Big Bang, a colossal explosion from which everything in the Universe sprung out.

16. Experimental Evidence of the Big Bang  Expansion of the universe  Edwin Hubble's 1929 observation that galaxies were generally receding from us provided the first clue that the Big Bang theory might be right.  Abundance of the light elements H, He, Li  The Big Bang theory predicts that these light elements should have been fused from protons and neutrons in the first few minutes after the Big Bang.  The cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation  The early universe should have been very hot. The cosmic microwave background radiation is the remnant heat leftover from the Big Bang.

17. 99.97% of the radiant energy of the Universe was released within the first year after the Big Bang itself and now permeate space in the form of a thermal 3 K radiation field. Cosmic Microwave Background COBE CMB Measurement

18. CMB spectrum is that of a nearly perfect blackbody with a temperature of 2.725 +/- 0.002 K. Observation matches predictions of the hot Big Bang theory extraordinarily well. Deviation from perfect black body spectrum less than 0.03 % Nearly all of the radiant energy of the Universe was released within the first year after the Big Bang.

20. Time

22. What is Matter Made Of? Fire Water Earth Air … that is, according to the Greeks!

23. Mendeleev’s Periodic Table of Elements

24. What is Matter Made Of ? An atom contains a nucleus... …which contains protons and neutrons... …which contain up and down quarks.

25. The Particle Zoo

26. Quarks Flavors and Particle Families light and abundant heavier, rare very heavy, very rare

27. Fundamental Forces ?

28. Quark Confinement … and gluons are the guards... Set the Quarks Free !!! How? Create a Quark-Gluon Plasma ! Quarks are confined (hadrons)...

29. Phase Transitions ICE WATER STEAM Add heat Quark Gluon Plasma is another phase of matter!

30. Phases of Water Pressure

31. How to Create a Quark-Gluon Plasma

32. How to create a Quark-Gluon Plasma

33. Quark Gluon Plasma QuarksQuarks Quark-GluonPlasmaQuark-GluonPlasma RHIC Collision KeyKey GluonsGluons

34. RHIC: Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider Brookhaven National Laboratory, Long Island, NY Long Island New York City

35. The RHIC Complex 1. Tandem Van de Graaff 2. Heavy Ion Transfer Line 3. Booster 4. Alternating Gradient Synchrotron (AGS) 5. AGS-to-RHIC Transfer Line 6. RHIC ring 1. Tandem Van de Graaff 2. Heavy Ion Transfer Line 3. Booster 4. Alternating Gradient Synchrotron (AGS) 5. AGS-to-RHIC Transfer Line 6. RHIC ring 1 3 4 6 2 5

36. Inside the RHIC Ring Underground tunnel Super-conducting magnets cooled by liquid helium (@ 4.5 K) 1740 Magnets 2.4 Mile circumference Underground tunnel Super-conducting magnets cooled by liquid helium (@ 4.5 K) 1740 Magnets 2.4 Mile circumference

37. RHIC Beam Collisions Approach Collision Particle Shower Collision time ~ 10 -22 seconds

40. Measuring RHIC Collisions Four complementary experiments

41. Who’s Involved in RHIC? People from around the world

42. The STAR Experiment

43. Wayne State Contribution to STAR/RHIC Silicon Vertex Tracker (SVT) Electromagnetic Calorimeter (EMC) Faculty: Profs. R. Bellwied, T. Cormier, S. Gavin, C. Pruneau, S. Voloshin, Research staff: Dr. A. Rose, S. Chattopadye, O. Grachov, A. Pavlinov, E. Shlezuan, J. Riso, Graduate students: M. Abdel-Aziz, L. Brener, Y. Guo, A. Hamed, M. Kaur, S. Lapointe, A. Stopolsky, Undergraduate Students: S. Khan, J. Rumble.

44. STAR TPC

45. Pad readout 2 × 12 super-sectors 60 cm 127 cm 190 cm Outer sector 6.2 × 19.5 mm 2 pad 3940 pads Inner sector 2.85 × 11.5 mm 2 pad 1750 pads

46. Momentum Measurement ++ B=0.5 T Collision Vertex Trajectory is a helix in 3D; a circle in the transverse plane Radius: R

47. Charged particles produced in a Single Au + Au collision at an energy of 130 A GeV (25.6 TeV)

48. Particle Multiplicity dN h -/d  |  =0 = 280  1  20 dN ch /d  |  =0 = 567  1  38 38%  pp 52%  SPS

49. Smoking gun!

50. Results  Very high temperature achieved  Collective/hydrodynamic flow  Saturation of strange particle production.  Modification of matter properties.  Accumulating evidence that a “new” type of matter is produced in Au+Au collisions at RHIC.  Very high temperature achieved  Collective/hydrodynamic flow  Saturation of strange particle production.  Modification of matter properties.  Accumulating evidence that a “new” type of matter is produced in Au+Au collisions at RHIC.

51. Conclusions  A virtual journey from our solar system outward towards to distant galaxies and backward in time to the big bang.  QGP existed for a time of 1 micro-second after the big-bang.  Production of QGP studied at BNL in high energy gold on gold collisions.  Exciting results and preliminary evidence of a new form of matter.  A virtual journey from our solar system outward towards to distant galaxies and backward in time to the big bang.  QGP existed for a time of 1 micro-second after the big-bang.  Production of QGP studied at BNL in high energy gold on gold collisions.  Exciting results and preliminary evidence of a new form of matter.

52. RHIC Web Pages rhic23.physics.wayne.edu www.rhic.bnl.gov www.star.bnl.gov rhic23.physics.wayne.edu www.rhic.bnl.gov www.star.bnl.gov