1. Introduction to English Linguistics
2017/4/17
Introduction to English Linguistics
英語語言學概論
BBI050 Thu. 10:25-12:30 (M208)
Week 17
BBC004-Introduction to English Linguistics A.Okamoto

2. Phonetics and Phonology
2017/4/17
Review
Phonetics
and
Phonology
BBC004-Introduction to English Linguistics A.Okamoto

3. 2017/4/17
Are you clear about ..
Place and manner of articulation of consonants and Vowels?
Natural classes?
Phoneme and allophones?
Minimal pair and complementary distribution?
Phonological rules?
BBC004-Introduction to English Linguistics A.Okamoto

4. Place of Articulation (where?)
2017/4/17
Place of Articulation (where?)
 Consonants are classified according to where in the vocal tract the airflow restrictions occur.(p )
Bilabials [p] [b] [m]
Labiodentals [f] [v]
Interdentals [θ] [ð]
Alveolars [t] [d] [n] [s] [z] [l] [r]
Palatals [ʃ] [ʒ] [tʃ] [dʒ] [ j ]
Velars [k] [g] [ŋ]
Uvulars [ʀ] [q] [ɢ]
Glottals [h] [ʔ]
Sound of American English
BBC004-Introduction to English Linguistics A.Okamoto

5. Manner of Articulation (How?)
2017/4/17
Manner of Articulation (How?)
Stops [p] [b] [m] [t] [d] [n] [k] [g] [ŋ] [ʔ]
Fricatives [f] [v] [θ] [ð] [s] [z] [ ʃ ] [ʒ] [h] [x] [ɣ]
Affricates [tʃ ] [dʒ]
Liquids [ l ] [r] ([ɹ])
Glides [ j ] [w]
(Approximants [ j ] [w] [ l ] [r])
Trills & flaps [ɾ] (alveolar flap), [ʀ] (uvular trill) [r] (alveolar trill)
Clicks [ʘ](bilabial) [ǀ](dental) [ǃ](alveolar) Xhosa song
Zulu (p )
BBC004-Introduction to English Linguistics A.Okamoto

6. The vowels (monophthongs) of English (p.239)
2017/4/17
The vowels (monophthongs) of English (p.239)
BBC004-Introduction to English Linguistics A.Okamoto

7. 2017/4/17
BBC004-Introduction to English Linguistics A.Okamoto

8. Consonants- 3 parts description
2017/4/17
Consonants- 3 parts description
[d]- voiced alveolar stop
[r] -
[h] -
[j] -
[ʔ] -
BBC004-Introduction to English Linguistics A.Okamoto

9. Major natural classes of English (p.241)
2017/4/17
Major natural classes of English (p.241) p t d k g ð s z ʒ ʃ tʃ dʒ
BBC004-Introduction to English Linguistics A.Okamoto

10. Natural classes Voiced sibilants? Bilabial obstruents?
2017/4/17
Natural classes
Voiced sibilants?
Bilabial obstruents?
Palatal sonorants?
BBC004-Introduction to English Linguistics A.Okamoto

11. Phonological analysis exercise
2017/4/17
Phonological analysis exercise
BBC004-Introduction to English Linguistics A.Okamoto

12. Distribution of phonemes （p.262) (Minimal Pairs analysis)
2017/4/17
Distribution of phonemes （p.262) (Minimal Pairs analysis)
How many vowel phonemes does English have?
11 monophthong vowels + 3 diphthong vowels
b_t
beat
[bit]
[i]
boot
[but]
[u]
bit
[bɪt]
[ɪ]
but
[bʌt]
[ʌ]
bait
[bet]
[e]
boat
[bot]
[o]
bet
[bɛt]
[ɛ]
bought
[bɔt]
[ɔ]
bat
[bæt]
[æ]
bout
[bawt]
[aw]
bite
[bajt]
[aj]
bot
[bat]
[a]
b_k
book
[bʊk]
[ʊ]
beak
[bik]
b_y
boy
[boj]
[oj]
buy
[baj]
BBC004-Introduction to English Linguistics A.Okamoto

13. Distribution of Allophones （p.261,264) (Complementary distribution)
2017/4/17
Distribution of Allophones （p.261,264) (Complementary distribution)
Where are English vowels nasalized? 
The sounds that do not contrast meaning never occur in the same phonetic environment – particular allophones are determined by where they occur.
Predicable
Table.7.1 Nasal and Oral Vowels: Words and Nonwords
Words
Nonwords be
[bi]
bead
[bid]
bean
[bi ̃̃n]
*[bi ̃̃]
*[bi ̃d]
*[bim]
lay
[le]
lace
[les]
lame
[lẽ̃m]
*[lẽ̃]
*[lẽ̃s]
*[lem]
baa
[bæ]
bad
[bæd]
bang
[bæ̃ŋ]
*[bæ̃]
*[bæ̃d]
*[bæŋ]
Table 7.2 Distribution of Oral and Nasal Vowels in English Syllables
In Final position
Before Oral consonants
Before Nasal consonants
Oral vowels
Yes No
Nasal vowels
BBC004-Introduction to English Linguistics A.Okamoto

14. Summary Phonemes /i/ Allophones Contrastive distribution
2017/4/17
Summary
Phonemes /i/
Contrastive distribution
non-predictable
[　i ̃̃ ] [ i ]
before nasal consonants Elsewhere
Allophones
Complementally distribution (It often indicates that two superficially different speech sounds are in fact the same phoneme)
 predictable from the phonetic environment
No minimal Pairs
Minimal Pairs
BBC004-Introduction to English Linguistics A.Okamoto

15. 2017/4/17
BBC004-Introduction to English Linguistics A.Okamoto

16. 2017/4/17
BBC004-Introduction to English Linguistics A.Okamoto

17. 2017/4/17
BBC004-Introduction to English Linguistics A.Okamoto

18. 2017/4/17
BBC004-Introduction to English Linguistics A.Okamoto

19. 2017/4/17
BBC004-Introduction to English Linguistics A.Okamoto