1. Modernism

2. Move Toward Modernism

5. Eakins, Shad Fishermen Setting the Net at Gloucester, New Jersey (1881)

6. Eakins, Shad Fishing at Gloucester on the Delaware River (1881)

7. Symbolism “simplification of line” “arbitrary color” “expressive, flattened form” (Fiero 790)

8. Hodler, The Chosen One (1893-94)

9. Hodler, Tired of Life

10. Japanese Woodblock Prints Imported to West beginning in 1860s Flat colors, curving lines “Empty” space Unique perspectives Everyday life & landscapes See quote, Fiero 797: “Before Japan... the painter always lied.”

11. Katsushika Hokusai, Mount Fuji Seen Below Wave at Kanagawa

12. Degas, Before the Ballet, 1890-92

13. Degas, The False Start, 1870

14. Thomas Cole, The Oxbow (1836)

20. Cassatt, The Bath (1891)

21. Cassatt, The Letter (1890-91)

22. Cassatt, The Bath (1891-92)

23. Cassatt, Portrait of a Little Girl (1878)

24. Cassatt, The Boating Party (1893-94)

25. Art Nouveau Ornamental style extremely popular in 1890s & early 1900s—a popular modernism Serpentine lines, organic forms Modern industrial materials (iron, glass) Influenced by Asian & Islamic art Often featured women with luxuriant hair, seducing or enchanting

31. Nietzsche “God is dead. God remains dead. And we have killed him”(787). A critic of democracy: democracy=mediocrity Celebrates the “superman” who rises above traditional morality Celebrates the “Dionysian” (irrational) over the “Apollonian” (rational) spirit in the Western tradition

33. Monet, Rouen Cathedral, 1893

34. Rodin, Gates of Hell 1880-1917

37. Rodin, The Thinker

39. Elements of Modernism Abstraction Primitivism Experimentation with time and space

40. Abstraction in Painting Abstraction: nonrepresentational art: self- consciousness of medium: art for art’s sake Maurice Denis: painting is “a flat surface covered with shapes, lines, and colors assembled in a particular order” (809)

41. Cezanne, The Basket of Apples (c. 1895)

42. Cezanne, Still Life with Peppermint Bottle, c. 1894

43. Mount Sainte-Victoire Seen from Bellevue. c. 1882-85.

44. Mont Sainte-Victoire Seen from the Bibemus Quarry, c. 1897

45. Cezanne, Mount Sainte-Victoire. 1904- 1906

46. Abstraction in Literature Ezra Pound: imagism: “rhythmic arrangement of words” producing an emotional “shape” (820)—Pound inspired by Chinese calligraphy Pound declared, “make it new” Pound, “In a Station of the Metro” (1916) Frost, “The Road Not Taken” (1916)

47. Pound’s explanation Three years ago in Paris I got out of a "metro" train at La Concorde, and saw suddenly a beautiful face, and then another and another, and then a beautiful child’s face, and then another beautiful woman, and I tried all that day to find words for what this had meant to me, and I could not find any words that seemed to me worthy, or as lovely as that sudden emotion.

48. And that evening, as I went home along the Rue Raynouard, I was still trying and I found, suddenly, the expression. I do not mean that I found words, but there came an equation... not in speech, but in little splotches of colour.

49. Mondrian, Composition with Red, Yellow and Blue (1921)

50. Primitivism Modernists influenced traditional cultures of Africa and Oceania (Gauguin, Picasso, etc.) Background: 1889 Paris Exposition Universelle: showed arts of Asia, Africa, and Oceania Rise of anthropology: Sir James Frazer, The Golden Bough, a comparative study of traditional folk customs

51. Primitivism Modernist interest in primitive cultures arose from contact with those cultures Ironically, this contact contributed to the destruction of those cultures Modernist primitivism is therefore nostalgic

52. Gertrude Stein, 1906

53. Picasso, Les Demoiselles d’Avignon (1907)

54. Time and Space: Experimentation Background: Einstein’s special theory of relativity: time and space related Henri Bergson: duration: the fusing or streaming together of past and present Painting (spatial medium): introduces time Literature (temporal medium): introduces space: “Spatial Form”

55. Cubism Analytic: through multiple perspectives, time enters into the space of the canvas Synthetic: real objects pasted onto the canvas—presentation and representation merge together

56. Daniel- Henry Kahnweiler 1910

57. Braque, Still Life on a Table, c. 1914

58. Juan Gris, Roses

59. Picasso, Guernica (1937)

60. Literature and Time-Space Experimentation Literature (temporal medium) calls attention to space: “Spatial Form” (see cummings 851); OR Disruptions in experience of time (stream of consciousness): Proust, Remembrance of Things Past (847); Joyce, Ulysses (850); Jarrell, “The Death of the Ball Turret Gunner” (878)

61. Futurism Marinetti issues Futurist manifestoes Focus on modern sensation: “A roaring motorcar is more beautiful than the winged Victory of Samothrace” (827)

63. Joseph Stella The Brooklyn Bridge (c. 1920-22)

67. Duchamps, Nude Descending a Staircase, #2 (1912)

68. Balla, Dynamism of a Dog on a Leash (1912)

69. Nonobjective Art

70. Mondrian, Brabant Farmyard (1904)

71. Mondrian, Gray Tree (1911)

72. Mondrian, Composition with Red, Yellow and Blue (1921)

73. Lozenge Composition in Red, Grey, Blue, Yellow, and Black (1924-25)

74. Broadway Boogie Woogie (1942-43)

75. De Stijl (The Style) Rietveld, Red and Blue Chair (1918)

76. Modern Architecture

77. Louis Henry Sullivan (1856-1924) mastered high-rise construction using the load- bearing steel frame 1871 Chicago Fire provided a clean slate for Chicago building 1891 Monadnock Building (Burnham & Root): limit of bearing-wall construction: 16 floors 1894-5, Sullivan’s Guaranty Building in Buffalo: vertical piers dominate the pattern and emphasize verticality

78. Burnham & Root, Monadnock Building (1889-91)

79. Sullivan and Adler, Guaranty Building, Buffalo (1894-95)

80. Louis Sullivan: Carson, Pirie, Scott, Building, Chicago, 1899.

81. Frank Lloyd Wright Student of Sullivan Stressed horizontality Influenced by Japanese architecture Founded the so-called Prairie School

82. Wright, Robie House, Chicago (1909)

84. Wright, Fallingwater, Pennsylvania (1936-39)

86. Walter Gropius (1883-1969) Founder of the Bauhaus (“House for Building”) in 1919 through a fusion of Grand Ducal Academy of Art with the Arts and Crafts School The idea was to create an idealistic community of craftsmen, like the medieval cathedral builders Wanted to unify architecture, sculpture, painting, and design Gropius embraced mass housing and industrial design His preferred materials: steel, concrete, and glass

87. Walter Gropius, Bauhaus, Dessau (1925-26)

88. International Style Emphasis on truth-telling: no decoration Subscribed to idea that form follows function Building seen as volume generated by interplay of planes and spaces Planar flatness of walls: preference for stucco, which unfortunately cracks Le Corbusier (France), Walter Gropius (Germany), Philip Johnson (U.S.)

89. Ludwig Mies van der Rohe (1886-1969) mastered the use of glass in the steel-frame skyscraper, creating the face of the modern corporation linear, rational, and (in theory) cheap believed in an objective architecture based on the machine age; rejected ornaments, calling them “noodles”

90. Mies, continued Philip Johnson said: “[Mies] believed in the ultimate truth of architecture, and especially of his architecture.” 1954-58 Seagram Building: made the curtain wall of bronze because he wanted a warm dark color: most elegant but most expensive curtain wall ever hung on steel frame

91. Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, Seagram Building, New York, 1954-58

93. Charles-Edouard Jeanneret (“Le Corbusier”— the crowlike one)

94. Le Corbusier and the International Style Le Corbusier was a failed sociological architect but an inspired aesthetic one He was among the founders of the International Style (term coined in 1932 by Philip Johnson and Henry Russell Hitchcock), as evidenced in his Villa Savoye, 1929-31

95. Villa Savoye, 1929-31

96. Le Corbusier Promoted La Ville Radieuse, the “Radiant City” Voisin Plan of 1925 would clear 600 acre L-shaped site on Right Bank Get rid of history to make way for a “vertical city... bathed in light and air” Wanted wide roads for cars (Voisin was the carmaker that sponsored the research: Peugeot and Citroen declined)

97. Le Corbusier, Ville contemporaine pour trois million d’habitants (1922)

98. Le Corbusier, Drawing for the Voisin Plan (1925)

100. Le Corbusier, Unite d’Habitation, Marseilles (1946-52) A one-unit Radiant City Influenced by utopian ideas of Charles Fourier (1772-1837) 18 stories, containing flats for 1600 people Unrealistic: shopping mall on the 5 th floor, but the French shop in outdoor markets Roof is sun-drenched, simple, the only successful part of the building

102. Brasilia, Brazil

103. What can we learn from Le Corbusier’s failures? Modernist principles might be good for a painting, or even a house, but they do not succeed as a basis for organizing a city or society.