1. Quantum Mechanics and Atomic Theory

2. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 12a–2 Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev Source: Corbis

3. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 12a–3 Figure 12.25: Mendeleev's early periodic table, published in 1872

4. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 12a–4

5. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 12a–5 ATOMS MASSCHARGE nucleusproton1+1 neutron10 electron0

6. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 12a–6 CHEMISTRY

7. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 12a–7 CHEMISTRY Most chemistry is in the electrons

8. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 12a–8 CHEMISTRY Most chemistry is in the electrons (the outer shell electrons)

9. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 12a–9 CHEMISTRY Most chemistry is in the electrons (the valence electrons)

10. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 12a–10 Figure 12.10: Electronic transitions in the Bohr model for the hydrogen atom

11. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 12a–11

12. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 12a–12 Massive star in Pistol Nebula Source: NASA

13. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 12a–13 QUANTUM NUMBERS to label electrons nShell1,2,…

14. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 12a–14 QUANTUM NUMBERS to label electrons nShell1,2,… lAngular momentum 0,..,n-1

15. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 12a–15

16. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 12a–16 QUANTUM NUMBERS to label electrons nShell1,2,… lAngular momentum 0,..,n-1 mlml “Direction” of l-l,….,+l

17. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 12a–17

18. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 12a–18 Figure 12.18: Three representations of the hydrogen 1s

19. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 12a–19

20. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 12a–20

21. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 12a–21 Figure 12.19b: Representation of the 2p orbitals.

22. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 12a–22 Figure 12.19a: Representation of the 2p orbitals.

23. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 12a–23 Figure 12.20: A cross section of the electron probability distribution for a 3p orbital.

24. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 12a–24

25. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 12a–25 Figure 12.21b: Representation of the 3d orbitals

26. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 12a–26 Figure 12.21a: Representation of the 3d orbitals

27. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 12a–27

28. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 12a–28 Figure 12.22: Representation of the 4f orbitals in terms of their boundary surfaces.

29. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 12a–29 QUANTUM NUMBERS to label electrons nShell1,2,… lAngular momentum 0,..,n-1 mlml “Direction” of l-l,….,+l

30. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 12a–30 QUANTUM NUMBERS to label electrons nShell1,2,… lAngular momentum 0,..,n-1 mlml “Direction” of l-l,….,+l sSpin±½

31. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 12a–31 Wolfgang Pauli

32. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 12a–32 Wolfgang Pauli

33. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 12a–33 PAULI PRINCIPLE NO TWO ELECTRONS SHALL HAVE THE SAME SET OF QUANTUM NUMBERS

34. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 12a–34 PAULI PRINCIPLE NO TWO ELECTRONS SHALL HAVE THE SAME SET OF QUANTUM NUMBERS Consequence: AUFBAU

35. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 12a–35 Figure 12.26: The electron configurations in the type of orbital occupied last for the first 18 elements

36. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 12a–36 Figure 12.26: The electron configurations in the type of orbital occupied last for the first 18 elements

37. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 12a–37 Figure 12.26: The electron configurations in the type of orbital occupied last for the first 18 elements 1s 2 2s 1

38. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 12a–38 Figure 12.26: The electron configurations in the type of orbital occupied last for the first 18 elements 1s 2 2s 2

39. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 12a–39 Figure 12.26: The electron configurations in the type of orbital occupied last for the first 18 elements 1s 2 2s 2 2p 1

40. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 12a–40 Figure 12.26: The electron configurations in the type of orbital occupied last for the first 18 elements 1s 2 2s 2 2p 2

41. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 12a–41 Figure 12.26: The electron configurations in the type of orbital occupied last for the first 18 elements 1s 2 2s 2 2p 3

42. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 12a–42 Figure 12.26: The electron configurations in the type of orbital occupied last for the first 18 elements 1s 2 2s 2 2p 4

43. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 12a–43 Figure 12.26: The electron configurations in the type of orbital occupied last for the first 18 elements 1s 2 2s 2 2p 5

44. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 12a–44 Figure 12.26: The electron configurations in the type of orbital occupied last for the first 18 elements 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6

45. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 12a–45 Figure 12.26: The electron configurations in the type of orbital occupied last for the first 18 elements 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 1

46. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 12a–46 Figure 12.26: The electron configurations in the type of orbital occupied last for the first 18 elements 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2

47. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 12a–47 Figure 12.26: The electron configurations in the type of orbital occupied last for the first 18 elements 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 1

48. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 12a–48 Figure 12.26: The electron configurations in the type of orbital occupied last for the first 18 elements 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 2

49. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 12a–49 Figure 12.26: The electron configurations in the type of orbital occupied last for the first 18 elements 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 3

50. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 12a–50 Figure 12.26: The electron configurations in the type of orbital occupied last for the first 18 elements 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 4

51. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 12a–51 Figure 12.26: The electron configurations in the type of orbital occupied last for the first 18 elements 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 5

52. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 12a–52 Figure 12.26: The electron configurations in the type of orbital occupied last for the first 18 elements 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6

53. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 12a–53 Figure 12.27: Electron configurations for potassium through krypton.

54. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 12a–54 Figure 12.28: The orbitals filled for elements in various parts

55. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 12a–55 Figure 12.29: The periodic table with atomic symbols, atomic numbers, and partial electron configurations

56. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 12a–56 Figure 12.30: A form of the periodic table recommended by IUPAC

57. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 12a–57 CHEMISTRY Full shells make the happiest atoms

58. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 12a–58 CHEMISTRY Full shells make the most stable atoms

59. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 12a–59 Figure 12.39: Special names for groups in the periodic table

60. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 12a–60 Figure 12.35: The values of first ionization energy for the elements in the first five periods.

61. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 12a–61 Figure 12.36: The electron affinity for atoms among the first 20 elements that form stable, isolated X- ions.

62. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 12a–62 Figure 12.37: The radius of an atom (r) is defined as half the distance between the nuclei in a molecule consisting of identical atoms.

63. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 12a–63 Figure 12.34: Radial probability distributions

64. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 12a–64 Figure 12.38: Atomic radii (in picometers) for selected atoms.

65. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 12a–65 Figure 12.39: Special names for groups in the periodic table (cont’d)

66. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 12a–66