1. Community Ecology

2. Communities

3. A lose-lose interaction (-/-) Competition

4. Interspecific Competition

5. intraspecific

6. Competition Georgii F. Gause (1910-1989) Experimental demonstration of competition

7. Paramecium Gause’s Experiments

9. Competition is (-/-)

10. Competition Barnacles

11. Competition

13. Resource Partitioning

14. Similar or closely related species divide up resources and avoid competition (-/-) Resource Partitioning

15. A Sonoran Desert Stream Aravaipa Canyon (Graham-Pinal Co., Arizona) Competition – example with conservation implications

16. Meda fulgida (spike dace) Tiaroga cobitis (loach minnow) Rhinichthys osculus (speckled dace) Native Aravaipa Creek Fishes endangered

17. A non-native, introduced competitor. The Problem – an introduced species Cyprinella lutrensis (red shiner)

19. Habitat

20. Habitat vs. Niche

21. Very narrow dietary niche Koala Bear (Phascolarctos cinereus)

22. Very broad dietary niche Racoon (Procyon lotor)

23. Niche

24. Predation (+/-)

25. Predation Herbivory

26. Predation

28. Plant defenses

29. Plant Physical Defenses

30. Coffee Plant defenses: Secondary Compounds

31. Poison Ivy

32. Secondary Compounds Willows

33. Pacific Yew Secondary Compounds Taxol

34. Secondary compounds

35. Monarch butterfly and Milkweed

36. Animal defenses Monarch butterfly and bluejay

37. Dendrobatid Frogs (poison dart frogs)

38. Crypsis

41. Countershading

43. Disruptive Coloration

45. HMS Shannon -- 1917 Disruptive Coloration (also called dazzle camouflage)

46. Pattern Recognition

47. Reduce visibility of eyes

49. Startle Displays

50. Eye spots

51. Warning coloration

52. Batesian Mimicry

54. Mullerian Mimicry

55. Mimicry – Startle display

56. Aggressive mimicry

57. Cleaning symbiosis Aggressive mimicry

58. Mimicry and sexual deception

59. Symbiosis

61. Coevolution

62. Commensalism (0/+)

63. Mutualism (+/+)

65. Parasitism (+/-)

66. Ectoparasites

67. Parasitism (+/-) Ectoparastic plant

68. Parasitism (+/-) Endoparasites

69. Parasitism (+/-) Brood parasite

70. Parasitoids

71. Food Webs Food Chains

72. Keystone species Keystone predator

73. Beaver Castor canadensis Keystone species

74. Pisaster ochrachus Keystone predator

75. Pisaster

76. Purple sea urchins mussels Food for Pisaster

78. Ecological Succession

80. First year Five years Hutchison Memorial Forest, NJ Old Field Succession

81. 10 years 20 years Old Field Succession

82. 28 years Old Field Succession

83. Climax community (undisturbed) Disturbed community (post-logging) Succession Coastal forests, Oregon

84. Succession can occur in places of limited disturbance. Succession

85. Climax Community, near Tombstone, Arizona Succession

86. Fort Union, New Mexico, ca. 1855 Succession

87. Fort Union, New Mexico, ca. 1990 Fort closed and abandoned in 1867 Succession

88. Some ecosystems undergo succession very slowly Succession Fort Union, New Mexico, ca. 1970

89. Succession Some ecosystems have very limited ability to undergo succession. Tropical rainforest, Phillipines

90. Krakatua Island Catastrophic eruption in 1883 Succession underway Succession

91. Mount St Helens --1980 Succession

92. Mount St Helens --1991