1. Conducting a literature search using controlled vocabulary
CINAHL
CINAHL (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health) is a database which contains references to journal articles on topics in nursing, allied health and related subjects.
Conducting a literature search using controlled vocabulary

2. Why use controlled vocabulary rather than basic (free text) searching?
CINAHL Headings are assigned to each record to describe the subject content of the record. They are applied consistently which means that once you have identified the correct CINAHL Heading(s) you do not need to think about synonyms, different word endings or alternative spellings.
For example, an article on stroke will have the subject heading stroke assigned to it even if the author of the article uses a synonym such as cva, cvas, cerebrovascular accident or cerebral vascular accident .
And…….
Using controlled vocabulary is a really useful tool as it helps to deal with the difficulties of authors using different terms for the same concept, for example one author may use the term teenagers while another author may use the term adolescents. It also helps in the differences between the English and American spelling of a term.
In the example on the slide if you accept the suggested subject term ‘stroke’ you will know that you are covering all of the synonyms.

3. You tend to retrieve articles that are more relevant:
Searching using the subject heading stroke will retrieve articles that are about the medical condition stroke. Free text searching will retrieve any article which has the word in the title or abstract, whether that is relevant to the subject of the article or not. They could also include references to articles about pet therapy (people who stroke animals are more relaxed) and references about swimming.
But……
You will also be able to choose the correct heading; in this case you would choose the medical condition stroke, which means that you won’t end up with articles which talk about swimming!

4. …..subject headings are not infallible so to make sure you retrieve all relevant articles a combination of subject headings and free text is sometimes required.
But unfortunately to make sure that you have not missed anything you may feel it necessary to conduct a ‘free text’ search as well.

5. This presentation will help you to:
Create a search strategy
Using the database CINAHL search for journal article references
Understand Boolean Operators
Mark and download relevant references
This presentation is going to take you through the whole searching process from identifying key words for your search strategy through to saving, printing or ing the results. It will also show you how to use TDNet, our journal catalogue to see if we have the journals available.

6. CINAHL (Cumulative Index to Nursing
and Allied Health Literature)
Comprehensive database covering nursing, physiotherapy and occupational therapy
Lists articles in over 900 English language journals
Over 3 million records
Data since 1982
Available via the Library Web pages using your iSolutions username and password
You must remember that CINAHL will enable you to identify references to journal articles on topics in nursing, allied health and related subjects; it will not necessarily find you full text of the articles. It’s a tool for finding the available evidence across some 1,200 journal titles from 1982 to the present.

7. Bibliographic databases - what do they do?
List the “bibliographic” details of journal articles – author and title of the article; journal title, volume, issue and pages.
Mostly refer to journal articles, but some refer to newspapers, conference papers, book chapters or videos.
They can be searched – much like WebCat.
But they are nationally or internationally produced so…..
Bibliographic databases can be subject specific like CINAHL or can cover many subject areas like the Web of Knowledge. They contain the details of journal articles, including the author/s, article title, journal title, often referred to as the source, and often an abstract which summarises the article. It is usually better to start with a subject specific database and then move to a broader subject based one if required.

8. They… Do not normally include the full text of the article itself.
Do not indicate whether the journal is in the Library.
You may find some references which have a full-text article link; if this is not available you will need to check our journal catalogue TDNet.

9. Library home page www.soton.ac.uk/library
Starting right at the beginning here is the library web address; it would probably be a good idea to bookmark the library home page or even the relevant subject page.

10. The next few slides will take you through the process which gets you to the CINAHL link

11. Select one of these links
Follow the appropriate subject link, Midwifery, Nursing, Occupational Therapy, Physiotherapy, Podiatry or Rehabilitation.

12. Followed by the Databases and Indexes link from the subject page.

13. Scroll down to see complete list
What you see here is an A-Z list of the databases relevant to subjects within the Faculty of Health Sciences; each database is made by a different organisation and has a different emphasis, you can choose any that cover your subject area. Under the main link to the database you will find a short description; some of them may also have a ‘Help and more information’ link.

14. You will see two links to the database one to use when you are on-campus and one to use when you are off-campus. If you live in a Hall of Residence you should use the on-campus link.

15. If you are presented with this screen you should login with your IS username and password, the same one which you use to login to your university account.

16. Search example:
Rehabilitation of young and middle-aged adults who have had knee replacement surgery
We are going to use this example to conduct a search on CINAHL.

17. But before you start searching you need to spend some time thinking about your search…..

18. You need to: Identify the concepts of your query
List alternative phrases and keywords
Include both narrow and broad terms
Identify any key periods of research
Identify any key authors in the field
Then start your search!
Considering all of these points on this screen will help you to clarify your thoughts before you actually start your search.

19. Question, Concepts & Keywords
Rehabilitation of young and middle-aged adults who have had knee replacement surgery
Using our chosen example we are going to work through the procedure .

20. Identify your search terms
Rehabilitation of young and middle-aged adults who have had knee replacement surgery
These highlighted terms are the main topics of this example.

21. Identify alternatives
rehabilitation
physiotherapy
occupational therapy
Knee replacement surgery
joint Replacement, Knee
young and middle aged adults
adult
middle age
(you may not use all of the keywords/alternatives)
So having identified the key topics we now need to identify some alternatives.

22. Join these terms together using:
Boolean logic
and
Truncation
We also need to look at using these two tools to help us in putting our search strategy together, and in the next couple of slides we are going to explain what the terms Boolean logic and truncation mean and also how to use them – it’s not rocket science so don’t be concerned.

23. Boolean Logic…. Allows you to search for multiple keywords
OR combines different expressions for the same concept
teenagers OR adolescents
AND links two different concepts together
children AND communication
The two main Boolean operators are AND and OR.
You use OR when you want to combine similar concepts – remember or will always give you more results. In our example you will pick up articles where the authors talk about either teenagers OR adolescents
You use AND when you want to combine two different concepts – when you use AND you will always get fewer results. In this example the articles will talk about both children AND communication

24. Truncation Finds any keyword with a common stem
Truncation symbol is commonly *
Physiotherap* will find:
physiotherapist
physiotherapists
physiotherapy
Truncation is a useful search technique. It enables you to search for the singular and the plural of a word, but be careful; in our example, if you placed the asterisk after physio* you will also get articles which talk about physiology etc. But you do not need to use truncation when you are carrying out a search using controlled vocabulary as it deals with this for you.

25. Our search strategy will be...
Knee replacement and Rehabilitation or Physiotherapy or Occupational therapy
This search phrase means that at the end of our search we will have references to articles which include knee replacement and rehabilitation, physiotherapy or occupational therapy AC

26. 1. Place tick here 2. Enter term and search
So let’s start with the actual search. Don’t forget to place the tick in the ‘Suggested Subject Terms’ box.

27. 1. Takes you to the suggested subject term Arthroplasty, Replacement,
Knee which is used for the term ‘knee replacement’
Instead of giving you a list of results you will see a list of suggested subject terms. You may also see a link to the ‘Scope’ box which will give you more information about the term.
2. Check here to find more
information about the term

28. Checking this ensures that you know exactly what the term covers.

29. Placing a tick here opens up some more options….
2. Explode or Major
Concept?
1. Subheadings
Placing a tick here opens up
some more options….
To start with you must ensure that you place a tick next to the term you wish to use. Then you need to make some decisions whether to use the subheadings or the explode or major concept options.

30. Subheadings
Subheadings allow a search to be restricted to one or more facets, such as diagnosis, therapy, or psychosocial aspects thereby providing more specific references.
In total there are 68 CINAHL subheadings but as you search you will notice that only relevant subheadings are be used with each subject heading.

31. Exploding
Exploding retrieves any articles that include the controlled term that you search for – plus all articles featuring narrower (more specific) terms which are below and to the right of your subject term.
The second option is choosing to ‘Explode’. As you search you may notice that the option to ‘Explode’ is not available for each term, the reason for this is because the term ‘stands alone’ and has no more specific terms added to it.

32. Major Concept
When you select Major Concept for a term, you create a search query that finds only records for which the subject heading is a major focus of the article.
When the indexers are looking through the articles they will divide their chosen relevant subject terms into two groups Major and Minor subject terms; choosing to search the ‘Major concept’ will return results where the heading will one of the core topics of the article.

33. Standard controlled vocabulary search option
This search option will return results where your term is considered to be either a Minor and Major subject term so……

34. ….if you want your search results to contain your subject where it is both a major and minor subject term then use….
Just choose this ‘search database’ link.
…..this ‘search database link’

35. Looking at the structure behind helps to see how the database works
Looking at the structure behind helps to see how the database works . To do this……..
It may seem complicated but it does help to understand how it works.

36. …..use this link to open up the ‘tree’ structure of the subject term

37. 1. More specific areas within Surgery, Operative
within Arthroscopy,
replacement
You can choose more than one of these options by placing a tick in the box to the left of the term.

38. 2. Search
1. Note that there is no option to explode this term this is because there is no + next to it.
We are going to choose the standard controlled vocabulary search.

39. 3. Enter next term then search
2. Tick box
3. Enter next term then search
Which gives us over 2000 references! All you need to do now is to repeat the process using the other chosen terms.
1. Results of first search

40. 2. Search
1. Tick box
For rehabilitation….

41. Complete two more searches with the terms
occupational therapy and physiotherapy
(this will map you to the term Physical Therapy)
Occupational therapy and physiotherapy.

42. 1. Combine searches 2, 3 & 4 together using or
Now we have searched for all of the terms we need to join them together using Boolean Operators. We need to join searches 2, 3 and 4 together using or as they are similar concepts.
1. Combine searches 2, 3 & 4
together using or

43. and Combine searches 1 and 5 using
Then we need to join our new search number 5 with search number 1 using and because they are different concepts.
Combine searches 1 and 5 using
and

44. 1. Results of final search
2. To cut your search results down use the link to open up
the Revise Search options (scroll down the screen to see them)
We now have our final results. If you want to cut these results down use these show more link on the left-hand side to view all of the available options.

45. Refining (limiting) your search
You can choose limits such as:
Date of publication
Language
Age Group/s
Gender
Publication type i.e. journal
Journal subset i.e. English & Ireland journals
These are some of the ones available.

46. 2. By age groups (Adult 19-44 years & Middle Age 45-64 years)
We will narrow our search:
1. By year of publication
2. By age groups (Adult years & Middle Age years)

47. Viewing, marking and saving references

48. To look at the references use this link or scroll down
Here is our final result.
Final result.
To look at the references use this link or scroll down

49. See full details of the reference by using this link

50. 3. Return to results link at the top of the page
2. Subject terms added to this reference
1. Abstract

51. If you are lucky you may see this full-text link which will give you electronic access to the full text of the article. If it is not there then you will have to check the reference on TDNet out journal catalogue.
1. If this full text link is present it will lead you straight to the article itself. If there is not one you will need to check on TDNet our electronic journals database

52. Then go to the folder
at the top of the page
1. Add to folder
those references
you want to mark,
page by page…..

54. 2. Choose your method of output
1. Select
references
(again)

55. This is what your saved results will look like
Your search strategy/history will be
In this attachment with the references below

56. Warning!
Don’t send your results to a work address outside of the University, i.e. an NHS account as the firewall set up by other organisations will block any attachments.

57. Do we hold the journals in the library?
Using your list of references from your search check TDNet, the University of Southampton Libraries electronic journals management system.
TDNet contains details of the years covered by each e-journal and also gives a link to WebCat.
Now that you have completed your search and have your list of references you will need to check to see if the library subscribes to the journals.

58. We will look for this reference on TDNet
Marshall S. Teasell R. Bayona N. Lippert C. Chundamala J. Villamere J. Mackie D. Cullen N. Bayley M. (2007) Motor impairment rehabilitation post acquired brain injury. Brain Injury. 21(2):
We will use this reference from the journal Brain Injury as an example.

59. The next few slides show you how to access and check a journal reference on TDNet.

60. Enter title of journal here then search

61. Choose your title
(there may be more
than one option)
Years which are
available
electronically
Link to e-journal
Link to WebCat
(Library Catalogue)

65. The PDF link is the best one to use

66. Print, download or email using these icons

67. Copying and Copyright
You should assume that everything is subject to copyright law, unless this is clearly stated otherwise
You should save, print or only one copy of an article from an issue of a magazine or journal. In the case of a book, pamphlet or report, you should make single copies of not more than one chapter, or extracts amounting to no more than 5% of the entire work
For more information see:
copyrightphotocopying. html
It is important to make sure that you are not breaching Copyright Law when you save, or print journal articles. This is a brief outline of what you can do. For further information use the link at the bottom of this screen.

68. Citing References When literature searching:
Record full details of reference
Record how and when you found it
When writing up:
Link each reference to the correct place in the text
Reference all sources that you use (and do not reference sources that you don’t use!)
Follow the FoHS referencing guidelines
Be consistent
Finally some pointers about referencing.

69. Getting Help Subject Enquiries Or contact Level 3, Hartley Library
Susan Dawson, Vicky Fenerty, Paula Sands or Dorothy Stratford via