1. $200K awarded in 2004 Lex van Geen Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory Andrew Gelman et al. Depts. Statistics and Political Sciences John Immel Consulting Shuky Ehrenberg Yale Law School Thomas Depuydt et al. Columbia Business School Kazi Matin Ahmed Dhaka University Pop. ~130 million 80,000 villages 10 million tubewells Winkel et al., Nature Geoscience 2008 N. Osman BAMWS/NAMIC

4. >20 kyr <10 kyr 5 million field-kit tests largely unused Safe depth estimates (or minimum depth) available for 40,000 villages but not disseminated

5. Waiting for government approval to disseminate safe depth estimates via mobile phones: -Health line -SMS Follow-up: Commercial testing Updating estimates with new data Sustainable insurance Other countries ~50% of 40 million subscribers