1. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 1 Chapter 24 The Transformation of Europe Religious Wars

2. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 2 The Protestant Reformation Martin Luther (1483-1546) attacks Roman Catholic church practices, 1517 Writes Ninety-Five Theses, rapidly reproduced with new printing technology Excommunicated by Pope Leo X in 1521 1520s-1530s dissent spread throughout Germany and Switzerland

3. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 3 Lutheranism  Indulgences: preferential pardons for charitable donors  Church believed that doing good deeds would save a soul  Luther believed only God had power to do so  Unthinkable that man can buy God’s favor  If man is saved by faith alone then ceremonies and sacraments, pilgrimages and indulgences, everything the medieval church called “good works” are at best irrelevant and at worst dangerous

4. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 4 The Demand for Reform Three main principles:  Salvation by faith, not by works  The ultimate authority of the Bible  The priesthood of all believers Luther’s expanded critique  Closure of monasteries  Translations of Bible into vernacular  End of priestly authority, especially the Pope Return to biblical text for authority

5. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 5 Reasons for Appeal of “Lutheranism” German princes interested  Opportunities for assertion of local control  To businessmen unhappy about papal finance  To German patriots resentful of the Italians who dominated the papacy and the college of cardinals  Luther did not set out to start a new church but to reform the old church

6. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 6 Spread of Reformation Support for reform spreads throughout Germany  Spread by his students & by books and pamphlets that poured from the new printing presses  Many priest’s and monks follow Luther  Younger humanists  Older humanists until later – Erasmus follows until 1524 thinks Luther too fanatic  Germany becomes divided – mostly Protestant in the north and catholic in the south.

7. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 7 Reform outside Germany Switzerland, Low Countries follow Germany Scotland, Netherlands, Hungary also experience reform movements

8. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 8 England England: King Henry VIII (r. 1509-1547) has conflict with Pope over requested divorce  England forms its own church by 1560  At first very little change  But later under pressure his successors replace Roman Catholic with Protestant doctrines and rituals.

9. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 9 Calvinism France: John Calvin (1509-1564) codifies Protestant teachings while in exile in Geneva  Institutes of the Christian religion - basic handbook of protestant principles  Doctrine of “Predestination”  It did not condone fatalism, men were always to carry out God’s will – good works might not save a Calvinist but might be evidence God is working through him  The Elect – Chosen by God to be saved

10. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 10 The Catholic Reformation or The Counter Reformation Roman Catholic church reacts  Refining doctrine, missionary activities to Protestants, attempt to renew spiritual activity

11. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 11 Council of Trent (1545-1563) Three sessions to discuss reform Salvation is by both faith and works And that final religious authority is in the Bible and tradition as interpreted by the Roman Church Index - System of censorship of printed books was instituted by the pope in 1559  approved with some additions by the Council of Trent in 1563, all the faithful were forbidden to read any book on the Index

12. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 12 St. Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556) Society of Jesus (Jesuits) founded by St. Ignatius Loyola  Rigorous religious and secular education  Swore special oath of obedience to the Pope  Were carefully selected and trained for most dangerous and difficult tasks the church might require  Effective missionaries Won back most of Bohemia, Poland, Hungary, and southern Germany from the Protestants

13. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 13 Witch Hunts Most prominent in regions of tension between Catholics and Protestants Late 15 th century development in belief in Devil and human assistants 16 th -17 th centuries approximately 110,000 people put on trial, some 60,000 put to death  Vast majority females, usually single, widowed  Held accountable for crop failures, miscarriages, etc. New England: 234 witches tried, 36 hung

14. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 14 Religious Wars Protestants and Roman Catholics fight in France (1562-1598)  Causes of the war: still a powerful and turbulent aristocracy in France  French provinces clung jealously to local customs and privileges  Edict of Nantes (1598) – Huguenots granted freedom of conscience, freedom of worship, equal civil rights

15. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 15 Spain vs. England 1588 Philip II of Spain attacks England to force return to Catholicism  Philip conspiring to put Mary Stuart on the throne  1587 Elizabeth has her executed when confronted with unmistakable evidence of her complicity in these plots  English destroy Spanish ships by sending flaming unmanned ships into the fleet

16. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 16 United Provinces Philip II – Rules the Netherlands  Alienates Nobility  Imposes taxes  Inquisition William the Silent  Tries to keep the peace Netherlands rebel against Spain, gain independence by 1610