1. CHAPTER 8 The Romans Connect the Mediterranean World, 753 B.C.E. - 294 C.E. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

2. 1. The Roman Republic to 133 B.C.E. A. Rivalry with Eturia 1. Foundation of the city of Rome 2. Etruscan rule 3. Founding of the Roman Republic B. The Republic and Its Foundation in Law 1. Representative government 2. The rule of law 3. The Struggle of the Orders 4. Roman citizenship and the assimilation of conquered peoples Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

3. 1. The Roman Republic to 133 B.C.E. (cont’d) C. The Punic Wars and Rome’s Mediterranean Domination 1. Roman military power 2. Conflict between Rome and Carthage 3. Legacy of the Punic Wars D. Changes in Society and Culture 1. Social stratification 2. Gender relations 3. Slavery Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

4. 2. Dissatisfaction with the Republic A. Social Discontent and Decline in Popular Rule 1. Crisis in the countryside 2. Revolt of the Italian allies 3. Military dictatorship B. Julius Caesar 1. Struggle for power 2. Assassination and civil war Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

5. 3. The Birth of the Roman Empire A. The Rise of Octavian 1. The Second Triumvirate 2. Antony and Cleopatra B. From Republic to Empire 1. The consolidation of power 2. The Pax Romana C. Greco-Roman Culture 1. Culture and stability 2. Culture and empire 3. Cultural contributions Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

6. 3. The Birth of the Roman Empire (cont’d) D. Challenges to Augustus’s Work 1. The succession problem 2. Challenges to imperial rule Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

7. 4. Roman Religion and the Rise of Christianity A. Rome’s Polytheistic Religion B. Jewish Resistance and Eastern Cults 1. Mutual mistrust 2. Forms of resistance 3. Jesus of Nazareth 4. Paul of Tarsus 5. Rome’s view of Christianity Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

8. 5. From Golden Age to Disarray A. Commercial Connections 1. The Golden Age 2. The expansion and encouragement of trade B. The Empire in Disarray 1. Crisis of leadership 2. Germanic migrations Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.