1. ANIMALS and THEIR ECOLOGY I. Introduction A. General Characteristics

2. 1. Heterotrophic 2. Multi-cellular 3. Tissue Level Organization 5. Able to move 4. Store glucose as Glycogen 6. Growth phases and Fixed size as an adult 7. Practice SEX

3. B. Adaptations

4. 1. Skeleton 2. Specialized Proteins for Contraction 3. Nervous Tissue 5. Strategies for Ingestion 4. Specialized Mouth Parts

5. The main mechanisms for animal ingestion are suspension, substrate, fluid, and bulk feeders.

6. Strategies for bulk ingestion. Herbivore,, Carnivore, and Omnivore.

7. II. Adapting Systems A. Gas Exchange

8. 1. Definition 2. Forces Moving O2 O2 into a body and CO 2 out of a body Concentration Gradient and Simple Diffusion

9. a. Direct 3. Strategies

10. b. Gillspassive

11. b. Gillsram vs. gulping

12. b. Gills

13. c. Tracheal direct vs. air sacs vs. tubular

14. c. Tracheal direct vs. air sacs vs. tubular

15. c. Tracheal direct vs. air sacs vs. tubular positive vs. negative

17. B. Temperature Regulation

18. 1. Problems

19. 1. Problems

20. 2. Surface to Volume Ratio

21. 2. Surface to Volume Ratio

22. 3. Energy Budgets

23. 4. Strategies (Ectotherm vs. Endotherm) a. PoikliothermyRegulate body temperature by external means Fish,

24. 4. Strategies (Ectotherm vs. Endotherm) a. PoikliothermyRegulate body temperature by external means Amphibians,

25. 4. Strategies (Ectotherm vs. Endotherm) a. PoikliothermyRegulate body temperature by external means Reptiles, and most invertebrates

26. b. HomeothermyRegulate body temperature by internal means Birds

27. b. HomeothermyRegulate body temperature by internal means Mammals

28. b. HomeothermyRegulate body temperature by internal means Mammals

29. c. HeterothermyRegulate body temperature by both methods Bats, Hummingbirds, and Bees

30. 4. Solutions a. Shifting BloodDilate or Constrict& Counter Current

31. b. Behavior

32. c. MetabolismTorpor vs. Hibernation

33. C. Water Regulation

34. 1. Sources a. Drinking & Eating

35. b. Metabolic

36. 2. Losses a. Evaporative Coolingb. Functional Losses i. Respiratory Losses ii. Digestive Losses iii. Urinary Losses iv. Regulatory Losses

37. 3. Prevention a. Outer Covering

38. b. Specialized Glands

39. c. Salt Balance & Life Style

40. c. Salt Balance & Life Style Tardigrada or Water bear

41. D. Waste Removal

42. 1. Processes Filtration, Reabsorption, Secretion, & Excretion

43. 2. Cost vs. H 2 O losses

44. 3. Other Strategies a. Flame Cells Advantage vs. Disadvantage

45. b. Malpighian Tubes Advantage vs. Disadvantage

46. 4. Other Systems a. Integumentary (skin) b. Digestive c. Respiratory

47. E. Rhythms

48. 1. Types a. Circadianb. Light and Darkc. Reproductive 2. Why?

49. Life offers few multiple choice questions, choose wisely.