1. Backhaul Transport Technologies for Broadband Wireless Access Pasi Kolkkala 2.11.2009 Master’s Thesis Seminar

2. Introduction Main infrastructure for mobile backhaul has been TDM (E1, PDH microwave, etc.) –Good for speech but bad for packet data HSPA & LTE require much more capacity from backhaul (some say up to 1 Gbps!) Complexity of available options Packet based backhaul

3. Objectives of this Thesis Compare various physical media based on their capacity and reach Apply provider bridging Carrier Ethernet on a backhaul network Construct a step-by-step technology selection process

4. Transmission technologies for backhaul Synchronous transport –PDH, SDH, Next Generation SDH OTN, GFP, VCAT, LCAS

5. Transmission technologies for backhaul PON (Passive Optical Network) –APON, BPON, EPON, GPON, … Packet based RAN

6. Transmission technologies for backhaul Wireless transmission –Microwave (adaptive modulation, mm-wave) –Free Space Optical (line-of-sight operation) Dense fog 850 nm optical signal loss due to weather (note the logarithmic scale) 0.1 1 10 100 dB loss/km Thick fog Moderate fog Light fog Thin fog Moderate rain Light rain Heavy rain DrizzleVery clear 15 m65 m190 m400 m1 km2 km4 km17 km40 km Relative transmission distance

7. Transmission technologies for backhaul How about native Ethernet? –Ethernet in the First Mile –VDSL2, enhanced SHDSL –Aggregation of multiple pairs Distance (m) Mbps 500010001500 50 100 150 200 Downlink transmission Uplink transmission

8. Carrier Ethernet Metro Ethernet Forum Pseudowires MPLS Provider bridging –Q-in-Q –MAC-in-MAC –PBB-TE GMPLS for path provisioning

9. Backhaul designer toolbox Hybrid backhaul Partially meshed networks Synchronization over Ethernet

10. Capacity comparison

11. Range comparison

12. Protocol landscape

13. 1.What is the currently needed amount of capacity for this backhaul? 2.What is the distance to the nearest fibre network point-of-presence? 3.How much scalability is expected from the backhaul in the future? 4.What level of reliability is required from the backhaul connection? 5.How soon is the upgraded backhaul deployment expected to be completed? 6.What level of resource sharing is going to be done with other operators (base station tower, backhaul link, radio access network)? 7.Is interoperability with existing SDH based OAM systems crucial? 8.Is the quality of available synchronization over Ethernet solutions sufficient? Selection of optimal backhaul Questions

14. Selection of optimal backhaul Physical medium selection Transport capacity CopperFSO Fair MicrowaveFiber Good Excellent Low Transmission distance Data rate scalability Reliability FairGood* Fair Good* Excellent LowFair SlowFast Very fastCompletion schedule * Wireless transmission is seeing fast paced development which promises good scalability for the future

15. Selection of optimal backhaul Transport technology selection Interoperability with existing management systems Very good in case large existing MSPP install base SDH switching Low, may need separate management systems Carrier Ethernet Support for network synchronization Inherently good and provenUnder standardization and still unproven Support for complex Ethernet switched networks Low, although this depends on specific vendor systems High, depends largely on the level of personnel competence Operation expertise compared to circuit switched networks Similar, only evolutionary new features of NG-SDH (OTN, VCAT, LCAS,...) Different, requires packet switching knowhow (except for PBB-TE)

16. Conclusions Fiber, enhanced microwave, FSO and VDSL2 provide needed bandwidth Optimal solution is the result of –Interoperability between different vendors –Low cost future upgrades of hardware –Price negotiations, etc… SDH still has it’s place in future backhaul Ethernet evolution makes it a valid option in the near future –With a lower cost than SDH