1. Variational Path Profiling Erez Perelman*, Trishul Chilimbi †, Brad Calder* * University of Califonia, San Diego †Microsoft Research, Redmond

2. Observation: Variation in Paths Exists Goal: find the paths to focus on for optimization What is a path –Acyclic control flow trace thru binary (i.e. loop body) Variation in path performance is optimization potential

3. What is variation? Performance between iterations of a path is not constant –Can be underlying architecture effects (cache misses) that cause variations Example of amount of variation seen –One common path in gzip observed to execute within 48,409 cycles and also 4,004,226 cycles

4. Goal: Optimize Away Variation Hypothesis: –All execution of a path can take the minimum time (if architecture effects are ignored) Want: Reduce variation of a path to improve program performance –Ideal Time = The fastest execution for a path –Optimize path to execute near its ideal time every time Result –Balanced path execution time (smaller net variation for a path)

5. How to Find the Variation Sample path executions and measure performance variations –Rank top varying paths in program Highly optimized paths won’t have much variation –Using traditional hot path profilers won’t find you the variation Optimized paths execute same number of times –VPP will focus on good optimization points that have not been exploited

6. Outline Variational Path Profiling –Profiling –Analysis –Measuring Stability Optimizations –Apply simple optimizations on top paths –Speedup results –Comparison to other path profiling techniques Future Work –Discovering Structure in variation and its implication

7. VPP: Profiling Sample execution of acyclic paths with Bursty Tracing –Measure time in path –Unique path signature Entry PC and Branch History 0x0040211F-110 Accurate measurement of performance essential

8. Bursty Tracing A B A’A B’B Original Procedure Modified Procedure (Bursty Tracing)

9. Sampling Overhead Accuracy is critical for time measurement of path –Bursty Tracing has less than 5% instrumentation overhead –Timing of path is even lower overhead Don’t measure time of instrumentation code Small bias exists, but consistent and can be accounted for

10. Outline Variational Path Profiling –Profiling –Analysis –Measuring Stability Optimizations –Apply simple optimizations on top paths –Speedup results –Comparison to other path profiling techniques Future Work –Discovering Structure in variation and its implication

11. VPP: Analysis Compute net variation time for each path –Basetime(i) = fastest execution time –Net variation path (i) =Total time(i) – [Frequency(i) x Basetime(i)] Rank paths according to net variation –Top few paths dominate all program variation

12. Structure within Variation Bzip2 Top 5 Varying Paths

13. VPP: Top 10 Paths

14. Outline Variational Path Profiling –Profiling –Analysis –Measuring Stability Optimizations –Apply simple optimizations on top paths –Speedup results –Comparison to other path profiling techniques Future Work –Discovering Structure in variation and its implication

15. Stability Do top varying paths change when system load or program input is changed? –System load measures the resource utilization (processor, memory, buses, etc…) Measure stability of tops paths across system loads –Heavy system load vs. light system load Across program inputs –Program execution varies, how does it affect top paths?

16. Stability: System Load

17. Stability: Input

18. Outline Variational Path Profiling –Profiling –Analysis –Measuring Stability Optimizations –Apply simple optimizations on top paths –Speedup results –Comparison to other path profiling techniques Future Work –Discovering Structure in variation and its implication

19. VPP: Optimize Top Paths Simple optimization strategy for top paths to show optimization potential –Prefetch loads in path one or two iterations ahead of loop –Check for loop bounds to stay within bounds of data accesses After optimization paths lost 41% of net variation on average More elaborate optimizations can reduce more variation

20. Optimization Example: VPR 1 while (ito < heap_tail) { 2 if (heap[ito+1]->cost cost) 3 ito++; 4 if (heap[ito]->cost > heap[ifrom]->cost) 5 break; 6** if (ito*8 < heap_tail) 7** _mm_prefetch((char*)&heap[ito*8]->cost, 1); 8 temp_ptr = heap[ito]; 9 heap[ito] = heap[ifrom]; 10 heap[ifrom] = temp_ptr; 11 ifrom = ito; 12 ito = 2*ifrom; 13 } this optimization results in 9% speedup!

21. VPP: Spec 2K Speedup

22. Outline Variational Path Profiling –Profiling –Analysis –Measuring Stability Optimizations –Apply simple optimizations on top paths –Speedup results –Comparison to other path profiling techniques Future Work –Discovering Structure in variation and its implication

23. Comparing to other Profiling Techniques Path profiling techniques often base hotness on frequency –Most executed paths are considered hot –Once these are optimized Still hot based on frequency Lower variation, ranking goes down with VPP VPP dynamically ranks paths –Once optimized, path ranking can change

24. Comparing to other Profiling Techniques

25. Outline Variational Path Profiling –Profiling –Analysis –Measuring Stability Optimizations –Apply simple optimizations on top paths –Speedup results –Comparison to other path profiling techniques Future Work –Discovering Structure in variation and its implication

26. Observation: Variation Structure Is there a pattern in variation? –If we plot the variation over time we can see interesting structure Future work: –Does the context leading up to a path have correlation with the path performance –Can specific hardware structures be identified to cause variation –Can specific optimization be recommended based on variation structure

27. Structure within Variation Bzip2 Top 5 Varying Paths

28. Conclusion VPP finds the top varying paths with good optimization potential –Few top paths account for majority of variation –Top variational paths are stable Applying simple optimization has 8.5% speedup on avg for Spec 2k on P4 VPP finds hot paths that are not found with other techniques –Once path is optimized, its variation is reduced (the _hotness_ in VPP)