1. The European Intellectual Revolution: “The Enlightenment” Readings: Spodek, pp. 520-526, 531-533, 533-536

2. Enlightenment is A Product of the Scientific Revolution  If you can know the “natural” world, then you should be able to know the “social, political, economic worlds.  Sir Isaac Newton was a model.  The goal was to make everyone happy.

3. Immanuel Kant  “What is Enlightenment”  “Don’t be Afraid to Know”  “Have Courage to Use Your Own Reason”

4. John Locke  Was English and lived from 1631-1704.  Two Treatises on Government: Political Liberalism and Representation.  John Locke felt that property was necessary to have a stake in the government.

5. Baron de Montesquieu  Was French and lived from 1689- 1755.  Spirit of Laws: Separation of Powers Checks and Balances

6. Voltaire  Was French and lived from 1694- 1778.  “Enlightened Despotism”  Religious Toleration

7. Jean-Jacques Rousseau  Was French from 1712-1778.  The Social Contract: The General Will Public must be generous Make other people happy Private happiness linked to public happiness

8. Emile  Education  The Woman Question  Idea of State religion: Nationalism, Patriotism

9. Adam Smith  The Wealth of Nations (1776)  Laissez-faire economy  Free Trade  The Invisible Hand

10. Jeremy Bentham  Utalitarianism  Best Policy which promotes Greatest happiness of the greatest number.

11. Benjamin Franklin  Poor Richard’s Almanac  Public Opinion  Coffee Houses  Newspapers  Academies  Salons