1. PETROLEUM GEOSCIENCE PROGRAM Offered by GEOPHYSICS GEOPHYSICS DEPARTMENT IN COROPORATION WITH GEOLOGY, PHYSICS, CHEMISTRY, AND MATHEMATICS DEPARTMENTS

2. Gravity Surveying Definition and PurposeDefinition and Purpose Basic theory & Units of gravityBasic theory & Units of gravity Measurements of gravityMeasurements of gravity Gravity anomaliesGravity anomalies Gravity surveying & Gravity reductionGravity surveying & Gravity reduction Rock densitiesRock densities Interpretation of gravity anomaliesInterpretation of gravity anomalies Application of gravity surveyingApplication of gravity surveying

3. GRAVITY SURVEYING What is gravity? The branch of geophysics dealing with the earth’s gravity field is called gravimetry, sometimes the simple term gravity field is used.The branch of geophysics dealing with the earth’s gravity field is called gravimetry, sometimes the simple term gravity field is used. Gravity is a force of attraction only between bodies that have mass.Gravity is a force of attraction only between bodies that have mass. The word “gravity” comes from the Latin word “gravis”, meaning “weight” or “heavy”.The word “gravity” comes from the Latin word “gravis”, meaning “weight” or “heavy”.

4. In other word GravityGravity not only must measure gravity, but also solve many problem of the processing and interpretation of gravity data theoretically and practically. gravityThe strength and direction of gravity varies according to position and time.

5. By measuring the distribution of gravity and its change with time it is possible to know: –the shape and size of the earth, –estimate underground construction, –study the seismic and volcanic activities –investigate the viscosity and elasticity of the earth.

6. Gravity: Fundamentals Newton's LawNewton's Law describes the force of attraction between two point masses, M 1 and M 2 separated by r: F gThe force per unit mass, F/ M 2 defines the gravity field which is the gravitational acceleration, g, when M 1 is the Earth (M e ) and r is the radius of the Earth, R e. So The gravitational constant G is: –6.67259 x 10 -11 m 3 kg -1 s -2 ( SI units ), or –6.67259 x 10 -8 cm 3 g -1 s -2

7. UNITS USED c.g.s SIResults are presented in c.g.s units rather than SI units. SI unit for g: m/s 2 c.g.s galIn c.g.s the unit acceleration, 1.0 cm s -2, is called the gal (short for Gallileo). milligal mgalA convenient subunit for surveys is the milligal, mgal, 10 -3 cm s -2. gu mgalAnother unit that has been used is the gravity unit, gu, which is defined as 10 -6 m s -2 or 0.1 mgal.)

8. Gravitational Acceleration Acceleration is defined as the time rate of change of the speed of a body. Speed, sometimes incorrectly referred to as velocity, is the distance an object travels divided by the time it took to travel that distance (i.e., meters per second (m/s)). Thus, we can measure the speed of an object by observing the time it takes to travel a known distance.

9. accelerationIf the speed of the object changes as it travels, then this change in speed with respect to time is referred to as acceleration means the object is moving faster with time Negative acceleration Positive acceleration means the object is moving slower with time

10. Acceleration speedAcceleration can be measured by determining the speed of an object at two different times and dividing the speed by the time difference between the two observations. Therefore, the units associated with acceleration is speed divided by time; or distance per time per time, or distance per time squared.

11. Units of acceleration “Gals” “ Units of acceleration “Gals” “millGals” The Earth's gravitational acceleration is approximately 980 Gals. The Gal is named after Galileo Galilei and is defined as a centimeter per second squaredGalileo Galilei The milliGal (mgal) is one thousandth of a Gal. milliGalsIn milliGals, the Earth's gravitational acceleration is approximately 980,000. SIThe SI unit which is becoming more widely cited is the micrometre per second squared, which is one-tenth of a mGal

12. How is the Gravitational Acceleration, g, Related to Geology? Density is defined as mass per unit volume. The higher the number, the more closely spaced are the people.For example, if we were to calculate the density of a room filled with people, the density would be given by the average number of people per unit space (e.g., per cubic foot) and would have the units of people per cubic foot. The higher the number, the more closely spaced are the people. Thus, we would say the room is more densely packed with people. The units typically used to describe density of substances are grams per centimeter cubed (gm/cm3); mass per unit volume.Thus, we would say the room is more densely packed with people. The units typically used to describe density of substances are grams per centimeter cubed (gm/cm3); mass per unit volume.

14. Consider a simple geologic example of an ore body buried in soil. We would expect the density of the ore body, d 2, to be greater than the density of the surrounding soil, d 1. Thus, to represent a high-density ore body, we need more point masses per unit volume than we would for the lower density soil*.

15. Now, let's qualitatively describe g by a ball as it is dropped from a ladder. This can be calculated by measuring the time rate of change of the speed of the ball as it falls. The size of the acceleration the ball undergoes will be proportional to the number of close point masses that are directly below it.time rate of change of the speed We're concerned with the close point masses because the magnitude of the gravitational acceleration varies as one over the distance between the ball and the point mass squared. The more close point masses there are directly below the ball, the larger its acceleration will be.

16. We could, therefore, drop the ball from a number of different locations, and, because the number of point masses below the ball varies with the location at which it is dropped, map out differences in the size of the gravitational acceleration experienced by the ball caused by variations in the underlying geology. gravity profile.A plot of the gravitational acceleration versus location is commonly referred to as a gravity profile.

17. Importance of Gravity 1.1. Measuring gravity field of the earth. 2. Theoretically:2. Solving many gravimetric problems Theoretically: –Determination of the correct constants in the formula derived theoretically for the normal distribution of the acceleration of gravity over the earth’s body. Practically : Practically : –Explanation of the anomalies of the actual gravity field of the earth with respect to the theoretical field

18. 3.3. Applying gravity in surveying and investigating deposits of useful minerals, and raw materials such as ores, coal, oil, salt, and sulfides deposits. 4.4. Applying gravity during hydrogeologic and engineering investigations to: map regional geologic structure. map basement topography and sediment thickness. map basement faults. locate underground caverns.