1. POLS 384, Lec. 5 1 Environmentalism: The Second Wave Mass movements and globalization

2. POLS 384, Lec. 5 2 Prehistory of Global Environmental Politics F Growth in trade > expanded scope of probs. –Ex: 1954 Conv. for Prevention of Oil Pollution u Desire for “level playing field” u Role of NGOs: bird protection societies u Role of technical experts u Revised through amendments F Economic expansion –4-fold from 1960-1990

3. POLS 384, Lec. 5 3 The Rise of Environmentalism as a Mass Movement F Early roots –Romanticism: distrust of technology –Conservationism: end of frontier F 1960s –Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring (1962) u U.S. bestseller, published in 15 countries –Atmospheric Test Ban Treaty (1963) –Vietnam War –Torrey Canyon oil spill (1967)

4. POLS 384, Lec. 5 4 The First Wave of the Second Wave (1965-79) F 1965-1970: Membership in ENGOs quadrupled –New U.S. ENGOs: EDF; NRDC –New intl. ENGOs: FOE; Greenpeace, WWF F Earth Day: April 22, 1970 –20 million people participated F US EPA established December, 1970 –Bipartisan support F Focus: industrialized countries, pollution and wildlife issues F Environmental agencies set up in ICs

5. POLS 384, Lec. 5 5 Second Wave Environmentalism F Growth of affluence > nonmaterial values (?) F Visible and dramatic disasters F Counter-cultural rebellion F “Shrinking planet” –Economic & cultural interdependence –View of earth from space

6. POLS 384, Lec. 5 6 The Third World Challenge F Is environmentalism a new form of imperialism? –Population vs. consumption –Is there a “right” to development? F Must affluence precede environmentalism? –Poor people’s environmentalism u Chipko movement, Brazilian rubber tappers F Are the exploitation of people & nature separable? –Human rights & environment

7. POLS 384, Lec. 5 7 Internationalizing the Environment F U.N. Conference on the Human Environment –The Stockholm Declaration (1972) –Soft law –26 principles as the basis for future agreements u Mostly vague, reflecting North-South conflict F Principle 21 Sovereign states have right to exploit their own resources, and responsibility not to cause environmental damage to other states –Cited in many treaties since –DCs emphasize first clause; IC emphasize second

8. POLS 384, Lec. 5 8 The Institutional Outcome: UNEP F Concerns: sovereignty, turf of other UN agencies F Headquarters in Nairobi F Plays a “catalytic and coordinating role” –Negotiating forum for many treaties –Helps disseminate scientific information –Close ties to NGOs F A weak international organization (IO) –Why?