2. Vectors

3. Vectors and Scalars Vector: Quantity which requires both magnitude (size) and direction to be completely specified –2 m, west; 50 mi/h, 220 o –Displacement; Velocity Scalar: Quantity which is specified completely by magnitude (size) –2 m; 50 mi/h –Distance; Speed

4. Vector Representation Print notation: A – Sometimes a vector is indicated by printing the letter representing the vector in bold face

5. Mathematical Reference System x y 0o0o 90 o 180 o 270 o Angle is measured counterclockwise wrt positive x-axis

6. Equal and Negative Vectors

7. Vector Addition A + B = C (head to tail method) B + A = C (head to tail method) A + B = C (parallelogram method)

8. Addition of Collinear Vectors

9. Adding Three Vectors

10. Vector Addition Applets Visual Head to Tail Addition Vector Addition Calculator

11. Subtracting Vectors

12. Vector Components Horizontal Component A x = A cos  Vertical Component A y = A sin 

13. Signs of Components

14. Components ACT For the following, make a sketch and then resolve the vector into x and y components. AyAy AxAx A y = (60 m) sin(120) = 52 m A x = (60 m) cos(120) = -30 m BxBx ByBy B x = (40 m) cos(225) = -28.3 m B y = (40 m) sin(225) = -28.3 m

15. (x,y) to (R,  ) Sketch the x and y components in the proper direction emanating from the origin of the coordinate system. Use the Pythagorean theorem to compute the magnitude. Use the absolute values of the components to compute angle  - - the acute angle the resultant makes with the x-axis Calculate  based on the quadrant*  

16. *Calculating θ When calculating the angle, 1) Use the absolute values of the components to calculate  2) Compute C using inverse tangent 3) Compute  from  based on the quadrant. Quadrant I:  =  Quadrant II:  = 180 o -  ; Quadrant III:  = 180 o +  Quadrant IV:  = 360 o - 

17. (x,y) to (R,  ) ACT Express the vector in (R,  ) notation (magnitude and direction) A = (12 cm, -16 cm) A = (20 cm, 307 o )

18. Vector Addition by Components Resolve the vectors into x and y components. Add the x-components together. Add the y-components together. Use the method shown previously to convert the resultant from (x,y) notation to (R,  ) notation

19. Practice Problem Given A = (20 m, 40 o ) and B = (30 m, 100 o ), find the vector sum A + B. A = (15.32 m, 12.86 m) B = (-5.21 m, 29.54 m) A + B = (10.11 m, 42.40 m) A + B = (43.6 m, 76.6 o )

20. Unit Vectors: Notation Vector A can be expressed in several ways Magnitude & Direction (A,  ) Rectangular Components (A x, A Y )