5. the ability of the body to maintain an internal environment that is optimal for life blood pressure blood gases, O 2, CO 2 blood glucose levels (70-100 mg/dl) osmolarity ions-Cl - Ca 2+, Na +, K +, body temperature

6. -homeostasis -integration of the body systems -cell to cell communication -movement of substances and information across cell membranes -compartmentalization -energy flow -mass balance and mass flow

7. Physiology questions 1) How does the body regulate blood glucose levels? 2) After significant blood loss, how does the cardiovascular system maintain blood pressure? 3) Why are people with uncontrolled insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus at risk of coma? 4) How does the respiratory system manage to deliver oxygen to the tissues under low oxygen conditions (eg. high altitudes)? 5) How do the kidneys contribute to the maintenance of normal blood pressure?

8. Learning physiology 1)terminology 2) local function 3) integration-organismic processes

9. glucose pancreas glucose transporter some of the terminology you need to know to understand glucose regulation

10. local function-release of hormone

12. local function-signal transduction

13. Glucose enters cells via mediated diffusion. local function-glucose enters cell

14. Negative feedback “Normal” conditions Increase from normal conditions Increase detected Changes that reverse the increase + -

15. Negative feedback “Normal” conditions Decrease from normal conditions Decrease detected Changes that reverse the increase + -

16. Negative feedback “Normal” conditions Blood glucose 70-110 mg/dl Increase detected Beta cells of the pancreas Changes that reverse the increase Release of insulin stimulates cell uptake of glucose— this reduces the blood concentration + - Increase from normal conditions Eating a meal rich in carbohydrates

17. Positive feedback “Normal” conditions Decrease from normal conditions Decrease detected Changes that further decrease the parameter from normal - -

18. Negative feedback “Normal” conditions Decrease from normal conditions THE TEMPERATURE IN THE ROOM DROPS BY 50 F Decrease detected - What changes take place help maintain body temperature?

19. Negative feedback “Normal” conditions Decrease from normal conditions THE TEMPERATURE IN THE ROOM DROPS BY 50 F Decrease detected - What changes take place help maintain body temperature? changes that generate or conserve body heat: shiver, curl up, divert blood flow to core, clothing

20. Positive feedback “Normal” conditions Decrease from normal conditions THE TEMPERATURE IN THE ROOM DROPS BY 50 F Decrease detected - What changes take place? Changes that further decrease the parameter from normal changes that would further reduce body temperature; divert blood flow to periphery, perspiration

24. Decrease detected Negative feedback “Normal” conditions Decrease from normal conditions Changes that reverse the increase + - Afferent pathway Efferent pathway

33. polar (water) ionized (sodium chloride=Na + Cl - ) non-polar (CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 ) hydrophilic=lipophobic hydrophobic=lipophilic “likes dissolve likes”

36. Units of concentration 1. volumes μl, ml 2. concentration as mass per volume 90 mg/l 3. concentration as molarity (=mole/volume) = glucose = 5.6 mM

38. Listed below are the pHs of four different solutions. Which has the highest concentration of free protons? a.pH=7 b.pH=8 c.pH=4 d.pH=1 pH=-[log H+] =0.0000001 moles H+/liter =0.00000001 =0.0001 =0.1 =10 -7 moles H+/liter = 10 -8 =10 -4 =10 -1