1. Reproductive System Male Reproductive System (1) Main Sex Glands : Testes (2) – oval shaped Testes (2) – oval shaped Functions : Functions : a. produce sex cells – sperms from seminiferous tubule sperms from seminiferous tubule (live for 3~5 days). (live for 3~5 days). b. produce sex hormones – testosterone from interstitial cells. testosterone from interstitial cells. Anterior pituitary gland regulates interstitial cell stimulating hormone (ICSH), and this hormone regulates testosterone.

2. (2) Ducts: form sperm route from testes out of the body. Sperm route: sperm made in semiferous tubules epididymis vas deferens ejaculatory duct urethra out of the body. vas deferens ejaculatory duct urethra out of the body. (Vasectomy --- cutting and tying vas deferens sterilization method.) (3) Accessary sex gland: seminal vesicle, bulbourethral gland, prostate gland. Function: produce alkaline secretion --- part of semen. Each ejaculation contains 3~5 mls, with 107~108 sperms. (4) External genitals: scrotum, penis. (circumcision) cutting the fore skin.

3. MaleReproductiveSystem

4. Reproductive System Female Reproductive System (1) Main Sex Glands : Ovary (2) – oval shaped Functions : a. produce ova (egg, 15~24 hours) – from graafian follicles, total are 4 x 10 5 cells. from graafian follicles, total are 4 x 10 5 cells. Ova are in the female body since at birth. Ova are in the female body since at birth. After the female reach to puberty, at a After the female reach to puberty, at a period of time (~28 days), usually one period of time (~28 days), usually one matured egg is released. matured egg is released. b. produce sex hormones – estrogen, progesterone.

5. (2) Ducts: uterine tube (fallopian tubes), uterus, vagina. After ovulation, egg finds its way into one of the uterine tube, this is where the fertilization take place. Uterus --- Function: a. menstruation a. menstruation b. pregnancy b. pregnancy c. labor c. labor Vagina --- Function: a. sperm entry a. sperm entry b. baby emerges b. baby emerges (3) Accessary gland: Bartholine glands --- secrete lubricating fluid. (4) External genitals: vulva

6. FemaleReproductiveSystem

7. MENSTRUAL CYCLE What cause menstruation – a sudden sharp drop in estrogen and progesterone MENSTRUAL CYCLE What cause menstruation – a sudden sharp drop in estrogen and progesterone MEANS Surface of endometrum Shed; bleeding (1~5 days) POST MENSE PHASE Repair of endometrium (6~13 days) OVULATION (14 days) PREMENSE PHASE Thickening of the endometrium; blood supply (15~28 days)

8. Anterior pituiary gland (APG) Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) Follicle Growth Estrogen increase APG Leuteinizing Hormone Leuteinization Estrogen and progesterone reach high level in blood Ovulation

9. Sexually Transmitted Diseases Syphilis: Baterial infection – Antibiotics Syphilis: Baterial infection – Antibiotics Gonorrhea: Baterial infection – Antibiotics Gonorrhea: Baterial infection – Antibiotics Chlamydia: Baterial infection – Antibiotics Chlamydia: Baterial infection – Antibiotics Genital Warts: Viral infection Genital Warts: Viral infection Genital Herpes: Viral infection Genital Herpes: Viral infection HIV: Viral infection – AZT and cocktail treatment HIV: Viral infection – AZT and cocktail treatment

10. Birth Control Methods Contraception 1. The rhythm method, detect ovulation (drop temperature) 2. Condom (rubber sheath) 3. Diaphragm 4. Intrauterine device (IUD) Sterilization 1. Vasectomy 2. Tubal ligation

11. From Fertilization to Birth Sperm ejaculation 30 mins Uterine tube 1 sperm and 1 egg (3~5 days before ovulation and 15~24 hours after ovulation) Zygote 3~4 days cell cleavage Travel to uterus Solid clusters of cells Blastocyst Blastocyst surface cells – have sticky surface for implantation surface cells – have sticky surface for implantation inner cells – give rise to 3 layers endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm inner cells – give rise to 3 layers endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm

12. Surface cells secret enzyme (digest some of the utering lining) 5~6 days Burrow inside, two membrane formed: Inner aminio fluid Inner aminio fluid chorion – extension and fuse with uterus chorion – extension and fuse with uterusPlacenta Differentiation begins: Endoderm – respiration, digestion Mesoderm – circulation, muscular, skeleton Ectoderm – skin, nerve system